1. Reaction and Revolution
Chapter 12, Section 2
Reaction and Revolution

2. Section 1 Recap
The Industrial Revolution starts in GB & spreads worldwide.
Every industry is streamlined, every society is changed (new class systems, cities, etc.)
Governments “must” react (socialism, etc.)

3. Section 2 - Governmental/Political Impact
Societal vs governmental/political impact
Society = how it changed people’s lives, how it affected money, careers, lifestyles, etc.
Governmental/political = wars, laws, world leaders, etc.

4. The Congress of Vienna 1814 - Napoleon gone
GB, Austria, Prussia, Russia
Final peace settlement needed
Leader=Prince Klemens von Metternich
Goal = Legitimacy

6. Results of Vienna The Conservative Order
Victory for those who wanted to roll back the changes of the French Rev.
Stability > Freedom
Concert of Europe
Principle of Intervention
GB refuses, but the other big 4 use it often (in Spain and Italy)

7. Forces of Change
Liberalism - people should be as free as possible from government restraint
Basic freedoms should be guaranteed
Examples?
Nationalism - each nationality should have its own government
Away with empires and colonies

8. Forces of Change (cont’d)
These 2 concepts (Ntlsm and Lbrlsm) were natural friends…
And a natural enemy to the “Conservative Order,” The Concert of Europe, and the Principles of Intervention
They WILL clash
In fact, have they already clashed somewhere?

9. REVOLUTION When/why do political revolutions happen?
Oppression + Time = Revolution
ALWAYS, ALWAYS, ALWAYS!!!
This is not some old, historical concept. This is every bit as true today as it has always been.

10. The Revolutions of 1848 France, Belgium, and the USA already
Charles X (France) dissolves legislature and freedom of press
Louis-Philippe kept on
nd French Rev.
Violence
Republic + universal male suffrage
New Constitution

11. The Revolutions of 1848 (cont’d)
38 independent German states
German Confederation
Austria and Prussia dominate
Frankfurt Assembly
No success…yet…
But oppression + time = revolution

12. The Revolutions of 1848 (cont’d)
Similar situation in Austria (multinational state)
Germans, Czechs, Magyars, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians, and Italians
Hungarian revolutionaries start fighting
Rebellions crushed…for now…
But oppression + time = revolution
9 Italian states (Sicily, Naples, etc.) ruled by Hungary
Nationalists want more liberalism in govt.
The rebellions are crushed here too…for now…

13. ALL OF THESE DIFFERENT PEOPLE GROUPS ARE RULED BY ONE EMPEROR (AUSTRIA)

14. 1848 -
1849 Revolutions & peaceful reforms