1. Referents

2. Type of Referents Extension and intension:
The extension : is the set of entities which it denotes, changeable reference. It’s subject to changes.
The intention: is the set of properties shared by all member of extension.
e.x: (The capital city) is (Cairo.)
intention extension

3. Some different kind of referents
1- unique and non-unique referents:
Unique : when the referring expression has fixed reference.
e.x: Gaza / the Dead Sea
non-unique: the referring expression which has variable reference. doesn’t have a content
e.x: She swam in a lake.

4. Some different kind of referents
Concrete and abstract referents:
Concrete: objects which can be touched.
e.x: door, cat, stone
Abstract : invisible objects
e.x : knowledge, problem, ideas

5. The concrete objects term can be abstract (figurative)
The key of the door. >>> literal
The key of success. >>> figurative

6. 3- Countable and non-countable referents
Both of them might be concrete or abstract.
Concrete countable expression:
Items that are separated from one another.
ex.: apples, pens,…
Abstract countable phrases
ex.: ideas, problems, suggestions

7. Concrete non-countable phrases:
1- substances: apple sauce, ink
2- numerous particles: sand, rice
3- furniture, jewelry, luggage. (collective)
Abstract non-countable: advice, information