Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Spelling: /p/ can be spelled as
P as in pen, paper = pen ˈpeɪpə PP as in upper = ˈʌpə /p/ is silent in psalm sɑːm
2
Distribution: /p/ can occur initially, medially and finally in words as in pin /pɪn/ (initial), supper /ˈsʌpə/(medial) and gap /ɡæp/(final).
3
Allophonic variants 1. /p/ is aspirated (i. c ., released with a strong puff of air) when it occurs initially in a stressed syllable. The aspirated variety can be represented by the symbol
4
Page 30
5
/p/ is unaspirated when ii occurs after /s/ and in unaccented syllables e.g.,
6
/p/ is nasally released when it is followed by /m/,
7
/p/ is not released audibly when it occurs finally or before another plosive or affricate, e.g.,
8
/b/ is voiced bilabial plosive.
9
Spelling: /b/ is represented by the letters band bb in beer /bɪə/, tobacco /təˈbækəʊ/, rubber /rʌbə/, and tub /tʌb/. /b/ is silent in: thumb /θʌm/, lamb /læm/, plumber /plʌmə/, etc.
10
Distribution: /b/ occur initially, medially and finally as:
bin /bɪn/ rubber /rʌbə/ tub /tʌb/
11
/b/ is nasally released when it is immediately followed by /m/ e.g.,
Allophonic variants: /b/ is nasally released when it is immediately followed by /m/ e.g., submit /səbˈmɪt / submarine /sʌbməˈriːn/
12
/b/ is not released audibly when it occurs finally and when it is followed by another plosive or affricate, tub tʌb final subject ˈsʌbʤɪkt Before an affricate əbˈteɪn Before another plsive
13
/t/ Distribution initially = tell medially = obtain finally = bat.
14
Allophonic variants /t/ is aspirated initially tʌb tub əˈteɪn attain
potato pəˈteɪtəʊ
15
/t/ is unaspirated when it is preceded by /s/ and when it occurs in an unstressed syllable
stain steɪn stamp stæmp butter ˈbʌtə computer kəmˈpjuːtə
16
/t/ is nasally released when it is immediately followed /n/
cotton ˈkɒtn button ˈbʌtn
17
/t/ is laterally released when it IS immediately followed by /l/
little ˈlɪtl cattle ˈkætl
18
/t/ is not released audibly when it occurs finally in a word and when it is immediately followed by another plosive or affricate e.g., cut kʌt football ˈfʊtbɔːl that church ðæt ʧɜːʧ
19
/d/ Spellings: /d/ is represented by the letters d. dd as in dog, rudder, good Distribution day /deɪ / modest /ˈmɒdɪst/ bad /bæd/
20
Allophonic Variants /d/ is released laterally when it is immediately followed by /n/. sudden ˈsʌdn gladden ˈglædn
21
/d/ is released nasally when it is immediately followed by /1/.
riddle ˈrɪdl bridle ˈbraɪdl
22
/d/ is not released audibly when it occurs finally and when it is immediately followed by another plosive or affricate good gʊd bad boy bæd bɔɪ good jam gʊd ʤæm
23
/k/ Spellings: /kl is represented by: The letter k as in book.
The letter c as in cot, music. The letters ch as in character. The letters ck as in back. The letters cc as in account. The letters que as in cheque.
24
Distribution: /k/ can occur initially, medially and finally in a word as in calm (initial) reckon (medial) and like (final). calm kɑːm reckon ˈrekən like laɪk
25
Allophonic Variants: /k/ is aspirated when it occurs initially in a stressed syllable. e.g., captain ˈkæptɪn kit kɪt
26
/k/ unaspiratcd after /s/ and in unaccented syllables, e.g.,
skin skɪn canal kəˈnæl
27
/g/ is articulated like /k/ described above except that during the articulation of /g/ the vocal cords vibrate producing voice /g/ can thus be described as a voiced velar plosive.
28
Spellings: get get glory ˈglɔːri bag bæg luggage ˈlʌgɪʤ baggage ˈbægɪʤ
The letter g as in get, glory and bag 2. The letters gg as in baggage and luggage get get glory ˈglɔːri bag bæg luggage ˈlʌgɪʤ baggage ˈbægɪʤ
29
Fricatives: There are nine fricatives in English
labio-dental /f/ and /v/, interdental /θ/ and /ð/, alveolar /s/ and /z/, Palatoalveolar /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, and glottal /h/.
30
The lower lip is very close to the edge of the upper front teeth, thus forming an incomplete obstruction.
31
Spelling The letter f and in five, fool
The letter ff as in coffee, affair. The letter ph as in physics, photograph. The letter gh as in cough, rough.
32
Distribution: /f/ can occur initially, medially and finally as in five (initial), offer (medial) and roof (final).
33
/v/ /v/ exactly like /f/ but is voiced.
Spellings: /v/ is represented by
34
Distribution /v/: initially (vine), medially (cover) and finally (love)
35
/θ/ Voiceless dental fricative Spellings: /θ/ is spelled –th
Distribution Initially (thick), medially (method) and finally (both)
36
/ð/ /ð/ a voiced dental fricative.
Spellings: /ð/ is spelled as th as in then and that. Distribution: initially (then), medially (leather) and finally (breathe)
37
/s/ Voiceless alveolar fricative Spellings The letter s as in sin.
The letters ss as in message, pass. Final x is pronounced /ks/ as in box, box, taxi.
38
Other fricatives are produced with different places of articulation: For the alveolar fricatives /s/ and /z/, the tip of the tongue is close to the alveolar ridge. The teeth are very close together.
39
The friction for /s/ is strong, even stronger than for /θ/
The friction for /s/ is strong, even stronger than for /θ/. For /s/ the vocal cords do not vibrate; they vibrate for /z/ when it occurs before vowels or in intervocalic positions. E.g. zone, easy, etc.
40
Distribution /s/: initially, medially and finally seen passive less
41
/z/ Voiced alveolar fricative Spellings
42
Distribution: /z/ initially, medially and finally zoo puzzle lose
43
Inflectional suffixes
/s/, if the stem ends with a voiceless consonant except /s/, /ʃ/, /ʧ/ cats kæts cups kʌps puffs pʌfs cooks kʊks
44
/z/, if the stem ends with a voiced sound except /z/, /ʒ/, /ʤ/
boys bɔɪz eggs egz lads lædz comes kʌmz nuns nʌnz calls kɔːlz writhes raɪðz laws lɔːz
45
/iz/, if the root ends in /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /ʧ/ and /ʤ/
losses ˈlɒsɪz buzzes ˈbʌzɪz bushes ˈbʊʃɪz churches ˈʧɜːʧɪz judges ˈʤʌʤɪz
46
/ʃ/ Spelling The letters sh as in shine, sheep The letters ch as in machine The letter s+u as in sugar The letters ti as in nation, caution. The letter cas in efficient. The letter ss as in pressure The letters ci as in conscience /ˈkɒnʃəns/ .
47
Distribution /ʃ/ occurs initially, medially and finally as in shell (initial) pressure (medial) and fish (final).
48
/ʒ/ Voiced palate-alveolar fricative. Spellings: The letters si as in decision, vision, The letters s+u as in pleasure, leisure, The letters ge as in French loan words like rouge, garage
49
Distribution /ʒ/ occurs only medially in English words.
pleasure ˈplɛʒə (medial) and beige beɪʒ (final).
50
Spellings: /h/ is always represented by the letter h. Allophonic Variants: /h/ is voiced between two vowels: behind, beehive.
51
Distribution: hat hæt (initial), behave bɪˈheɪv (medial).
/h/ occurs only initially and medial1y: hat hæt (initial), behave bɪˈheɪv (medial).
52
Affricates Spelling: / ʧ/ is represented by:
ch as in cheap, church: /ʧiːp/, /ʧɜːʧ/ tch as in batch: /bæʧ/ t+ure as in picture: /ˈpɪkʧə/ t+ion as in question. /ˈkwestʃən/
53
Distribution: / ʧ/ Initially: chip /ʧɪp/ Medially: butcher /ˈbʊʧə/
Finally: catch /kæʧ/
54
/ʤ/ Spelling: Initial j as in jump. /ʤʌmp/
Initial g as in gin, gentle. /ʤɪn/, /ˈdʒentl/ gg as in sug'gest. / səˈdʒest / Final ge as in luggage, revenge. /ˈlʌgɪʤ/, /rɪˈvendʒ/ di as in soldier. /ˈsəʊlʤə/ Medial gi as in religion. /rɪˈlɪdʒən/
55
/ʤ/ Distribution Initially as in join: /dʒɔɪn/
Medially as in religion: /rɪˈlɪdʒən/ Finally as in badge: /bædʒ/
56
Nasals Explained here: /m/ Spelling:
m as in mother: /ˈmʌðə/ (initial) and exam /ɪɡˈzæm/ (final) mm as in summer: /ˈsʌmə/ (medial)
57
3. mb as in limb /lɪm/ 4. mn as in autumn /ˈɔːtəm/ 5
3. mb as in limb /lɪm/ 4. mn as in autumn /ˈɔːtəm/ 5. gm as in paradigm /ˈpærədaɪm/
58
/n/ n as in not: /nɒt/ (initial) nn as in runner: /ˈrʌnə/ (medial)
kn as in know: /nəʊ/ gn as in sign: /saɪn/ (final) ne as in caffeine: /ˈkæfiːn/
59
/ŋ/ Spelling ng as in spring, hung, song sprɪŋ hʌŋ sɒŋ
n(+k) as in ankle, link, bank ˈæŋkl, lɪŋk, bæŋk n(+c) as in uncle function extinct ˈʌŋkl ˈfʌnŋkʃən ɪksˈtɪŋkt
60
Laterals Spelling: l as in leave /liːv/ ll as in villain /ˈvɪlən/
le as in circle /ˈsɜːkəl/
61
Allophonic variants Dental /l/ is used when it is followed by /θ/, /helθ/ Or as in tell them /tel ðəm/
62
Trills Spelling /r/is represented by the letter r
It occurs before a vowel sound red red run rʌn dry draɪ trail treɪl
63
/r/ is silent garden ˈgɑːdn larder ˈlɑːdə early ˈɜːli jerk ʤɜːk
64
Allophonic Variants: /r/ is voiced after d in words like dry draɪ
draw drɔː /r/ is voiceless after /p, t, k/ in words like: pray preɪ try traɪ cry kraɪ
65
/r/ is voiced between two vowels and after /θ/ very ˈveri sorry ˈsɒri three θriː
66
Distribution Initial: read riːd Medial: moderate ˈmɒdərɪt
67
Linking /r/ In British English, /r/ does not occur finally, but when the following word begins with a vowel sound, /r/ is inserted Consider the following examples: hare /heə/ The hare and the tortoise ðə heər ænd ðə ˈtɔːtəs
68
Glides; Semi-vowels When we produce a glide, our tongue moves in a gliding manner toward the next vowel sound.
69
semi-vowel /w/ is thus a voiced rounded labio-velar semi-vowel. Spelling: /w/ is represented by The letter w as in west. The letters wh as in why. /wai/ The letter u as in queen.
70
Distribution: /w/ occurs initially as in west and medially as in queen kwiːn
It does not occur finally.
71
/j/ Spelling: y as in yet u as in usual /ˈjuːʒuəl/
72
Distribution: initially as in young /jʌŋ/
medial as in beyond /bɪˈjɒnd/ It does not occur finally.
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.