1. 860 Byzantines defeat Viking attack
Reign of Basil I
Byzantines repeatedly defeat attacks
by Bulgars
907 Byzantines defeat prince of Kiev

2. 966 Byzantines under John Tzmiskes
(r ) wage campaign against
Bulgars
Reign of Basil II Bulgaroctonus
(the Bulgar-slayer), who completes
subdual of Bulgars
Between 930 and 970 Byzantines take most
of Syria and Palestine from Muslims
961 Byzantines take Crete from Muslims

3. Byzantine Renaissance
Plato Aristotle Neoplatonism
Symeon (the New Theologian, c )
Reign of Empress Theodora. After
death of Theodora, Byzantine Empire
descends into civil war, while various
E. European states shake off Byzantine
control
Saljuqs/Seljüks

4. 1031 Collapse of the Umayyad caliphate of
Cordoba
Late 11th c. Unification of most of Christian
Spain into kingdoms of Leon-Castile and
Aragon-Navarre
1085 Troops from Leon-Castile take Toledo
1086 Berber Almoravids invade Spain, defeat
Christians
1139 Creation of Kingdom of Portugal

5. Compostela
James the Elder (Santiago)
Gregory VII (p )
Alfonso VI of Leon-Castile
(r )
Council of Burgos, 1080

6. Tribal/Stem Dukes of Saxony, Franconia,
Lorraine, Swabia and Bavaria

7. 911-18 Reign of Conrad of Franconia
Reign of Henry the Fowler of Saxony
Reign of Otto I (the Great), who soon
brings Franconia under his control
937 Otto seizes Burgundy
951 Otto conquers Lombardy
962 Otto crowned as emperor

8. Reign of Otto II
Holy Roman Empire
Reign of Otto III Theophano
Gerbert of Aurillac/Sylvester II (p )
Reign of Henry II
Reign of Conrad II of Franconia
(Salian Dynasty)
ministeriales
Reign of Henry III

9. Reign of Louis V
Reign of Hugh Capet
(Capetians)
Ile de France

10. 996-1031 Reign of Robert II the Pious
Reign of Henry I
Reign of Philip I