1. Scientific Breakthroughs
Lesson 3
Scientific Breakthroughs

2. Objectives In this lesson the students will be able:
To use reading strategies for identifying accurate information.
To learn about some scientific breakthroughs and the scientists.
To talk about the influences of scientific discoveries.
To know about compound words.

3. Do you know the major discoveries of the scientists in the pictures?
Warm-up
Do you know the major discoveries of the scientists in the pictures?
TXZH 中国英语教师网

4. Pair Work Who are they? What are their discoveries?
How the discoveries came about?
When? Where?

5. Let’s have a quiz about science and scientist.
Good Luck!
Quiz Time

6. Quiz about scientists
1. The Origin of Species was published in The book showed that people had developed from apes instead. Who is the author?
A. Leonardo do Vinci B. Charles Darwin C. Stephen Hawking
2. Who said that ‘Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration’?
A. Albert Einstein B. Madame Curie C. Thomas Edison
3. This mathematician found that the force of the water pushing it up is the same as the weight of the object. Who is he?浮力定律，一物體所受的浮力若大於重力，便會浮起；若重力大於浮力，便會下沉。
A. Archimedes阿基米德B. Zhang Heng C. James Watt
4. Who received two Nobel prizes and she discovered radium In 1898?
A. Gregor Mendel B. Madame Curie C. Isaac Newton

7. Quiz about discoveries
5. Stephen Hawking, British (1942--) He has worked in astronomy and studied ___________ in space.
A. Black holes B. UFO C. Planets
6. Alexander Fleming discovered ________ which can kill bacteria and save the lives of millions.
Hydrogen peroxide (过氧化氢)
B. Anesthetics (麻醉剂)
C. Penicillin (青霉素)
7. Albert Einstein is famous for the theory of relativity and a formula ________ showed that the mass and energy were in fact equivalent
A. G=mg B. E=MC C. W=FS
8.When was the first electric powered elevator made?
A B C. 1880

8. Read to learn Reading strategy 1 →
First reading
Reading strategy 1 →
Get the general idea and read the text fast. Don’t worry about the words that are new to you.
The purpose of this article is _______.
the introduction of Albert Einstein
the introduction of the process of scientific breakthrough
introduction of the major scientific discoveries in the 20th century
the contributions scientists made to the world
The text mainly talks about a few pioneers of science and their discoveries in the 20th century, which makes the world completely different.
summary
TXZH 中国英语教师网

9. Match the pioneers with the deeds (books closed)
1. He was a son of a Scottish shepherd. Although his discovery is important, he remained modest and said “Nature made penicillin.” B
2. He proved that the universe is actually expanding, and that further away galaxies are, the faster they move. C
3. He showed in his “theory of relativity” that not even time, mass or length are constant. A
4. During the 2nd world war, the US Navy turned to them to produce a machine. They didn’t finish until after the war, in February 1946. D
A. Elbert Einstein
B. Alexander Fleming
C. Edwin Hubble
D. Eckert and Mauchly
TXZH 中国英语教师网

10. Time Name Discovery How to discover Influence
Reading strategy 2: Get specific information
Second
reading
Time
Name
Discovery
How to discover
Influence
1905
First World War
1929
1946
Not mentioned
_____ with 120 patents
Change understanding of universe
Sudden thought
Albert Einstein
other galaxies (nebulae)
high-power telescope
proved the universe larger
Edwin Hubble
save millions of lives
penicillin
Alexander Fleming
by accident
the first computer
hard work
Eckert & Mauchly
Percy Spencer
by chance
Prepare meals in minutes
microwave oven

11. Third reading
Reading strategy 3: To decide if there is no information, make sure that the answer (true/false) cannot be inferred from the text. Also you base your decision only on the information in the text.
Pair Work
TXZH 中国英语教师网

12. Are these statements true (T) of false (F) according to the text or is there no information (NI)? Use the strategies to help you. F
1. Einstein was at work when he thought of the equation “e=mc2 ” .
2. Einstein participated in the programme that developed the nuclear bomb.
3. Hubble studied the universe for over twenty years.
4. Hubble discovered that our galaxy is bigger than we thought it was.
5. Fleming had been studying bacteria in his laboratory when the discovery happened.
6. The first computer was extremely difficult to program.
rock baby NI NI T F NI

13. Reading strategy 4: identify important words
Fill in the blanks
1. One of the 20th century’s p_____ scientists was Einstein who was i____ to d____ E=mc2 which showed how an u_____ amount of energy was produced.
2. Scientists f____ ___ how to split the atom and changed the way we c______ from writing letters to ing.
3. The o____ of penicillin is a_____, which helped to c____ people.
4. It is a real d_____ on your hands to choose the most important discovery of the 20th century. Scientific b_____ improve the quality of human life on earth.
Key: 1. premier, inspired, discover, unbelievable 2. figured out, correspond
3. outcome, amazing, cure 4. dilemma, breakthroughs
Can you find some words in the text that express the same ideas? For example, discover and figure out.

14. Find words in the text with the following meanings:
1. to give something e.g. money, to a person or an organization in order to help them
2. a part of the body, such as heart or lungs
3. to divide something into separate parts
4. compare two things that are happening at the same time
5. expressing your opinions honestly
6. one of the large groups of stars that make up the universe
7. to make someone who is ill well again
8.a type of oven that cooks food very quickly
donate
organ
split
meanwhile
outspoken
galaxy
cure
microwave

15. Retell the text
Optional Task
E=mc2 ,theory of relativity telescope, galaxy, Penicillin, bacteria, machine, missile, energy, microwave
Inspire, explore, discover, notice, realize, destroy, save, cure, measure, dedicate, affect, breakthrough
world-famous, outspoken, unbelievable, far-reaching, mass-produced, first, huge, grateful

16. Tell the stories of the scientists with the words given.
Penicillin, bacteria, notice, kill, save, modest
telescope, galaxy, world-famous, mist, universe
E=mc2,premier,theory of relativity, inspire, rock baby, mass, outspoken, unbelievable
Oven meal radar chocolate
Accuracy of missiles, first computer,measure,energy

17. Tips
Interview
Imagine that you are a reporter who wants to interview a great scientist about his or her inventions/discoveries and future plan. Make up a dialogue and act it out.

18. Homework Writing Task: Your Favorite Scientist
What is the most important or interesting fact about the scientist?
Why do you like him or her?
What are his or her achievements?

19. Period Two
Language Study and Use

20. ------- Arthur Koestler
Warm-up
“Creativity in science could be described as the act of putting two and two together to make five.”
Arthur Koestler
What does the sentence mean?
Give examples to show how creativity works in science.
Pair Work Discussion

21. Creativity in Word-building
Optional Task
Creativity in Word-building
Choose two of the following words and join together to make new words.
airship, airspace, airway, spaceway, spaceship, daytime, daybreak, timeout, breakthrough,, breakout, throughout, sometime, handsome, handout
air, ship, space,
day, time, way, break, through,
some, out
hand ×
timespace
wayspace

22. Creativity in Word-building
outcome
out +
come
Compound words are made up of two (or more) separate words.
Compound Words
Can you find more compound words in the text?
meanwhile, outspoken, world-famous, breakthrough, far-reaching, double-checked, something, nothing, sometimes, mass-produced, without, mobile phone…

23. Match the categories (a-e) with the examples from the text (1-5)
Match the categories (a-e) with the examples from the text (1-5). Then add examples of your own.
a) compound noun (noun + noun)
b) compound noun
(verb + preposition)
c) compound noun
(adjective + noun)
d) compound verb
e) Compound adjective
1. breakthrough; outcome
2. CD player; jet engine
3. mass-produce;
double-check
4. one-year-old; world- famous; far-reaching
5. flying machine;
nuclear bomb

24. Write your own examples
名词+名词
classroom…
形容词+名词
highway…
副词+名词
upgrade…
动词+名词
pickpocket…
名词+动词
snowfall…
动词+副词
breakthrough…
名词+形容词
homesick…
名词+过去分词
man-made…
名词+现在分词
earthshaking…
形容词+名词+-ed
warm-hearted…

25. Language Points Inspire V. To stimulate to action; motivate
To affect, guide, or arouse by divine influence.
Inspire sb to do sth
__________________________ by her example.
她的榜样激励他更加努力地工作.
Inspire sth in sb 激起某人某种感情
Inspire sb with sth
His speech ______________________________.
他的演讲燃起了他们的希望.
He was inspired to work harder
inspired them with hope./inspired hope in them.

26. constant adj. 1. staying the same for a period of time
A thermostat keeps the temperature constant. (保持恒定的)
2. happening all the time or regularly
Sam was in constant pain. (持续不断的)
constantly adv constancy n. 坚定不移, 持久性
amazing adj. so surprising that it is hard to believe
amaze v. amazement n.
与amazing类似的形容词常见的有: exciting, interesting, disappointing, puzzling, surprising, astonishing, shocking, moving, encouraging, boring, delighting, inspiring, pleasing, tiring, worrying等, 表示”令人…的”.

27. turn to sb
1. To try to get help, advice, or sympathy from sb. by doing sth.
Nobody seems to understand; I don’t know who to turn to.
向某人求助
2. to look at a particular page in a book.
E.g. Turn to page 101 for more information.
turn down\up turn off\on
turn into
turn in
turn back
turn out
turn on
turn over
turn against

28. be on the point of doing sth. when…
Key sentences
This outspoken young man was rocking his one-year-old baby when he was suddenly inspired.
“正要/正在……突然”的表达:
be doing sth. when…..
be about to do sth. when…
be on the point of doing sth. when…
我们正要放弃时,校长来鼓励我们了.
We were on the point of giving up when the headmaster came to encourage us.

29. 2.E=mc2 showed how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy.
他的世界著名的方程式显示出质量很小的物质怎样能产生出令人难以置信的巨大能量.
mass: (1);quantity of matter without a regular
shape
(2); a large number of
(3); tech (in science) the amount of
matter in a body.

30. )A mass of information ________ ( have ) been collected by them
)A mass of information ________ ( have ) been collected by them Masses of books ________ ( have ) been sent to the countryside.
).创造历史的往往是民众．
3.)他遍体鳞伤．
4.)她说总的来讲她不喜欢孩子
has
have
The masses are often the makers of history.
He was a mass of bruises.
She says she doesn’t like children in the mass.

31. Useful expressions: 1.make sure of something make sure that…
2. base …on/upon…
3.be about to do something….when…
4. inspire somebody to do something
5. According to…
6. high-powered
7. far-reaching
8. double-checked
9. mass-produced
10. turn to somebody…
11. There is no doubt about it.
12. be grateful for…
13. wrestle with something
14. Theory of Relativity
15. figure out
16. not to mention

32. Translation Optional Task 1.我正要出去,这时电话铃响了。 (be about to do….when….)
2.科学家的事迹激起了我们对学习的热爱。(inspire)
3.我们急切地等待着他们讨论的结果。(outcome)
4.似乎没有人懂这个，我不知道该向谁求教。(turn to)
5.他在经商上肯定会成功的。
(there is no doubt about…)
1.I was about to go out when the telephone rang.
2.The stories of great scientists inspired in us a love for learning.
3.We are anxiously awaiting the outcome of their discussion.
4.Nobody seems to understand and I don’t know who to turn to.
5.There is no doubt about his success in business.

33. influence Text Memory Fill in the blanks
Albert Einstein was suddenly________ when he was rocking his baby. He then showed in his “_________________” that not even time, ______ or ______ are _______---they change according to _______________ of them.
inspired
theory of relativity
mass
length
constant
our experience
Edwin Hubble used the most _____________ telescope of the time and began the long, slow process of _________________. He discovered small areas of _____ which proved that the ________was larger than _________________________
high-powered
exploring our galaxy
mist
universe
had previously been thought
Alexander Fleming saw a strange blue mould in the dish around which____________________________. This blue mould was in fact the ____________________.
the bacteria had been destroyed
natural form of penicillin
In the 20th century, amazing discoveries were made in ____________________________________. Without the ____________ of these ___________________________, whether lucky or planned, the world as we know it today would _________________________________.
medicine, communication,transport and space
influence
breakthroughs
pioneers in science and technology
have been a completely different place

34. Can you use the following words to describe the development of telephone?
Bell,1876,America,invent,inspire, Morse code, electrical cables, correspond, breakthrough, far-reaching
wireless, distance, communication, mass-produced, amazing, base…on, messages, grateful, videophone, dedicate
Optional Task

35. Voice your opinion Influence Topics
What do you think will be the 5 scientific breakthroughs in the 21st century and how will they influence our life?
Influence
Topics
We'll live longer!
Space tourism
We’ll conquer cancer!
Relief TV
We’ll “manage” the Earth!
Self-diagnosed system
space exploration, artificial intelligence, life span

36. Thank you

37. Tips for Interview Before an interview: Prepare the questions
Steps for an interview:
Introduce yourself
Talk about your purpose of the interview
Ask questions
Thank the interviewee

38. How to start an interview:
My name is…
I am a journalist/reporter from…
I am glad/ delighted to talk with you.
It’s my honor to talk with you.
Could I ask you some questions?
How to end an interview:
Thank you for your time/patience/cooperation.
I am grateful for your attention.

39. They may talk about these
1.I wonder if you’re…
2.I know you because I’ve heard that you…
3.Thank you for knowing so much about me.
4.I’m the one who…
5.I’m really interested in your invention.
They may ask about these
What’s your nationality? (I’m from…)
What are you interested in?
What conclusion have you drawn?
What are you proud of?
What leads to your success? (My cautiousness/ creativeness/ determination…leads to…)
What is your future plan?