1. Arabidopsis microtubule mutants.
Arabidopsis microtubule mutants. (A) Wild-type Ler seedlings; (B) spiral1 or spiral2 mutant seedlings; (C) lefty1 mutant seedlings. Wild-type (Ler) seedling roots grow with a leftward slant on tilted plates, whereas spiral mutants show a rightward slant, and lefty mutants a more extreme leftward slant. Epidermal cell files (Epi) in the differentiated zone of roots are straight in wild type, twisted in a right-handed helix in spiral1-1 mutants, or in a left-handed helix in lefty1 mutants. Cotyledons and petals can also follow this twisting pattern. Cortical arrays of microtubules (MTs) in the root elongation zone are radially organised in wild-type cells, but are in a left-handed helix in spiral1-1 mutants, and a right-handed in lefty1 mutants. Scale bars: 10 μm. Reproduced with permission from Hashimoto (2002), Furutani et al. (2000) and Thitamadee et al. (2002).
David R. Smyth Development 2016;143:
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