1. Phonetics and Phonemics

2. Phonetics and Phonemics :
The principle goal of Phonetics is to provide an exact description of every known speech sound
Domain of phonetics is independent of any particular language
Phonemics is used for the study of speech sounds as they are perceived of by speakers of particular language

3. Phonetics : Articulatory phonetics Acoustical phonetics
How any given speech sound is produced, with particular emphasis on anatomical detail
Acoustical phonetics
The emphasis is on observable, measurable characteristics in the waveform of speech sounds
Provides theoretical and experimental background for speech recognition and synthesis by electronic hardware

4. Articulatory phonetics :
The first task of articulatory phonetics is to describe speech sound in the terms of position of the vocal organs
Phonetic alphabet
Phoneticians have had to devise their own system of notation
IPA
ARPAbet

5. Excitation Of The Speech System
Phonation
Whispering
Frication
Compression
Vibration

6. Articulatory phonetics (consonants):
Categories
Consonants: easy to define in anatomical terms
Point of articulation: this I the location of the principal constriction in the vocal tract
Bilabial
Labiodental
Apicodental
Apicogingival
Apicoalveolar
Apicodomal
Laminoalveolar
Laminodomal
Centrodomal
Dorsovelar
Pharyngeal
Glottal

7. …Consonants:
Manner of articulation: the degree constriction at the point of articulation and the manner of release into the following sound
Plosive
Aspirated
Affricative
Fricative
Lateral
Semivowel
Nasal
Trill

8. …Consonants:
Voicing: this indicates the presence or absence of phonation
Voiced
Unvoiced

9. Articulatory phonetics (vowels):
Vowels: vowels are much less well defined than consonants, this because tongue typically never touches another organ and vowels described by
Tongue high or low
Tongue front or back
Lips rounded or unrounded
Nasalized or unnasalized
Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound in a single syllable by moving tongue from one position to another

10. Articulatory phonetics :
Diphthongs: combined two vowel sound in a single syllable by moving tongue from one position to another
Coarticulation:
No speech sound is produced accurately in the context of other sound
Overlapping of phonetic features from phone to phone is termed coarticulation

11. Phonemics :
Phonetics is a view of speech sounds considered in isolation from any languages
Phonemics is the view from within some specific language
Phonemes
In phonetics, an individual sound is a phone
In phonemics, the smallest unit is the phoneme

12. Phonemics (phonemes):
A phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a given language that is sufficient to differentiate one word from another
Example:
In English, Voicing is a feature which distinguishes between two phonemes
‘bug’ contrast with ‘buck’
In some contexts voicing is not phonemics in German
‘Tag’ can be pronounced either [ta:g] or [ta:k]

15. Phonemics (phonemes):
The largest number of phoneme known is 45 in Chipewyan, the smallest is 13 in Hawaiian
English has 31 to 64 and Persian has 29 to 45 phonemes, depending on how they are analyzed

16. Phonemics (Allophones):
A phoneme is actually a set of phonetically similar sound which are accepted by the speakers of the language as being the same sound. Members of the set are called allophones.
Example:
The /k/ in “kin” and “cup”.
The /k/ in “cope” and “scope”.

17. English Phonemes uw ux uh ah ax ah-h aa ao ae eh Vowels
ih ix ey iy ay ow aw oy er axr el
y r l el w
jh ch s sh z zh f th v dh
m n ng em en eng nx
b d g p t k dx q
bcl dcl gcl pcl tcl kcl
hv hh
Vowels
Semi-vowels
Fricatives
Nasals
Stops
Aspiration

18. Parsian Phonemes يه، ي به، و و، ا،آ انفجاري ها واكه ها ب پ ت، ط د ك كگ گ
ا،آ
ق،غ ء

19. Parsian Phonemes (Cont’d)
انفجاري سايشي ها
سايشي ها ج ف چ و
ث، س، ص
شبه واكه ها ل
ز، ذ، ض، ظ ر ش م ژ ن خ
يه، ي
هه، ه، ح