1. LIQHYSMES: A novel hybrid energy storage option
R.Gehring
CERN/ERF/ESS Workshop – Energy for Sustainable Science at Research Infrastructures, October , DESY Hamburg
Introduction
Former SMES KIT
Motivation
LIQHYSMES
Summary
Prof. Dr. Max Mustermann | Name of Faculty

2. Introduction Energy Storage: Lots of Power / Energy combinations
Rainer Gehring

3. Introduction Energy Storage: Lots of Parameters to optimize I
Rainer Gehring

4. Introduction Energy Storage: Lots of Parameters to optimize II
Rainer Gehring

5. Former SMES Activities at KIT
SMES operation principle
SMES = Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Power converter
Stored Energy
𝐸= 1 2 𝐿 𝐼 𝐿 2
Transferred Power
𝑃= 𝑈 𝐿 𝐼 𝐿
SMES Energy density
𝐸 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉 = 𝐵 2 2 µ 0
Storage unit
Charging and discharging of the magnet done by the power converter
Superconducting magnet required (eliminate resistive losses)
Rainer Gehring

6. Former SMES Activities at KIT
SMES Compensator
Reduction of flicker by compensating the fluctuating demand
Number of Coils 10
Operating Current 300 A
Max. Current 430 A
System Inductance 4.5 H
Max. Field 4 T
Voltage Drop 700 V
Stored 300 A 203kJ
Stored 430 A 416kJ
Grid Power supply:
Switched mode 5.4/8 kHz 80 kVA
SMES side power supply:
Switched mode 2kHz 320 kVA
Field test with a solenoid coil
Further Lab tests with a torus
Rainer Gehring

7. Former SMES Activities at KIT
Rainer Gehring

8. Former SMES Activities at KIT
SMES Modulator
Generation of high power pulses
25 MW SMES based Modulator
1.7 ms pulse length
10 Hz rate
4T/2600A, 7 kV
100 T/s
Rainer Gehring

9. Former SMES Activities at KIT
Rainer Gehring

10. Former SMES Activities at KIT
Rainer Gehring

11. A SMES is “only” good for high power applications
MOTIVATION
A SMES is “only” good for high power applications
Other storage options are “slow” but store large amounts of energy
IDEA: Combine SMES with another storage system to cover a better Energy/Power-Range
Our choice: Liquid Hydrogen with fuel cells or gas turbines
LH2 serves also as coolant for the superconductor, no extra cooling costs
Disadvantages of the separate systems minimized
Rainer Gehring

12. LIQHYSMES Storage Unit LIQHYSMES Storage Unit
LIQHYSMES I: Concept
Electric Supply / Grid
Energy
Power
Energy
H2 Generation
(electrolyser)
LIQHYSMES Storage Unit
SMES
LH2-Storage
H2-Liquefier
LIQHYSMES Storage Unit
SMES
H2 to electrical
(Gas turbine, fuel cell, combined heat & power plant)
Patents: DE B and DE B
Rainer Gehring

13. LIQHYSMES Storage Unit
LIQHYSMES II
LIQHYSMES Storage Unit
Heat exchanger and recuperator can be optimized
Rainer Gehring

14. Possible SMES Configurations
LIGHYSMES III
Possible SMES Configurations
Solenoid
Quadrupole
Toroidal
Rainer Gehring

15. Possible SMES Configurations
LIQHYSMES IV
Possible SMES Configurations
4T, % Discharge ↔ 1.1 MW 600 s
Solenoid
Quadrupole
Toroidal
# Coils 1 4 20
Outer Radius
Inner Radius
Height of single coil
8.98 m
7.95 m
4.99 m
4.41 m
9.98 m
6.55 m
5.80 m
1.31 m
Total Radius
Total Height
12.47 m
18.0 m
13.1 m
Heart Pacemaker Limit (Safety, 0.5 mT) Radial/Vertical
129 m
155 m
47 m
40 m
25 m
11 m
Operating Current Density
Conductor Length x Current
442 A/cm2
2.75 GAm
586 A/cm2
4.99 GAm
541 A/cm2
5.22 GAm
Rainer Gehring

16. LIQHYSMES V: Some Design considerations
Efficiency and losses improve with larger systems
SMES needs to store enough energy to provide time for a smooth transition from Power- to Energy- supply
Low cost superconductors are sufficient (MgB2)
Rough cost estimate:
300 MW / 69 GWh with gas turbines: ~1900 €/kW ~8.25 €/kWh
Compared to ~1200 €/kW ~73.5 €/kWh for a GH2 storage system (salt cavern)
Very large systems might require on site manufacturing
Rainer Gehring

17. LIQHYSMES Future options
Electric Supply / Grid
Energy
Power
Energy
H2 Generation
(electrolyser)
LIQHYSMES Storage Unit
SMES
LH2-Storage
H2-Liquefier
H2/CH4 to electrical
(Gas turbine, fuel cell, combined heat & power plant)
CH4 Generation
H2 / CH4 Supply / Grid
Rainer Gehring

18. LIQHYSMES Future options II
Add renewable Energy to the mix
Local usage of H2 not required (H2 as fuel for cars)
Large Scale Uniterruptible Power Supply
Given an appropriate power conversion unit - ANY grid-relevant short-term disturbance could be buffered by the SMES
Store cheap energy and use in peak hours
Long term cost savings
Rainer Gehring

19. Summary
SMES provides fast & efficient short term (<15 min) electrical energy storage
Hydrogen easily available (compared to Helium as coolant)
LH2 provides a good longer term (min to days) energy storage
With modular systems for H2electrical conversion (both directions) an operation close to the optimum can be achieved
Even large storage systems are independent from geological formations (unlike pumped hydro or gas storage caverns)
LIGHYSMES is flexible and versatile together with renewable Energy sources
Rainer Gehring

20. Thank you for your attention
Summary
Thank you for your attention
Further reading:
LIQHYSMES - A Novel Energy Storage Concept for Variable Renewable Energy Sources Using Hydrogen and SMES, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 21 No. 3, June 2011
LIQHYSMES - size, loss and cost considerations for the SMES – a conceptual analysis, Superconducting Science and Technology 24 (2011) (6pp) (stacks.iop.org/SUST/24/105008)
LIQHYSMES storage unit – Hybrid energy storage concept combining liquefied hydrogen with Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37 (2012)
LIQHYSMES – A 48 GJ Toroidal MgB2-SMES for Buffering Minute and Second fluctuations, IEEE Transactions on applied Superconductivity, Vol. 23 No. 3, June 2013
LIQHYSMES – Liquid H2 and SMES for renewable energy applications, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014)
Rainer Gehring