1. Mutations Big Q: What are mutations?
Big Q: How do mutations affect genes?

2. ENgage - Telephone
Can we get the message through the whole class without a mistake?
Pretend this happened with DNA when it was being copied from one cell to the next.
What would happen?

3. Explain - Mutations
Mutations - heritable changes in genetic information
Can occur in both genes or whole chromosomes:
1. Gene Mutations - incorrect genes in the code
2. Chromosomal Mutations - abnormalities to chromosome number or shape

4. Explain - Gene Mutations
Point Mutations - gene mutations are called point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA
Types:
1. Substitutions - one base is changed to a different base
2. Insertions - insertion of one base
3. Deletions - deletion of one base
Insertions and deletions are also known as frameshift mutations
because they shift the reading frame of the genetic message

5. Elaborate - Read the Sequence
THEBOYSAWTHETANDOGRUN
Insertion - THEBOYSAWATHETANDOGRUN
Deletion - THEBOYSAWTETANDOGRUN
Substitution - THEBOYSAWTANTHEDOGRUN

6. Explore - What do these mean?
Define the following:
Delete -
Invert -
Duplicate -

7. Explain - Chromosomal Mutations
Types of mutations:
1. Deletion- loss of all or part of chromosome
2. Inversion - reverse direction of DNA in chromosome
3. Duplication - extra copy of part or all of a chromosome
4. Translocation - crossing over of chromosomes

8. Elaborate - Modeling Mutations
Model frameshift mutations and substitutions with words and sentences.
****Answer all questions on your Quick Lab Worksheet

9. Explain - Effects of Mutations
Mutagens - chemical or physical agents in the environment that cause mutations
Two Types:
1. Harmful Mutagens - change protein structure
2. Helpful Mutagens - enhance protein function
Polyploidy - extra set of chromosomes