1. a pulse species

2. Dipole field

3. - +
GND

4. Head positive first peak- +

6. - Resistance → amplitude - Capacitance → phase (time)
Electric fishes can detect resistive and capacitive components of the object. The resistive component causes amplitude modulation, where as capacitative component cause time shift in the feed back signal.
The amplitude and phase information are sampled by different types of electroreceptors.
(1’15’’ till the end of the first two slides) Hz
2.5 msec
time
electroreceptors (all over the skin)