1. Movement across the Cell Membrane

2. Diffusion Diffusion movement from high  low concentration
Movement from high concentration of that substance to low concentration of that substance.

3. Diffusion Move from HIGH to LOW concentration movement of water
“passive transport”
no energy needed
Diffusion Simulation
movement of water
diffusion
osmosis

4. Diffusion across cell membrane
Cell membrane is the boundary between inside & outside…
separates cell from its environment
Can it be an impenetrable boundary?
NO!
OUT
waste
ammonia
salts
CO2
H2O
products IN
food
carbohydrates
sugars, proteins
amino acids
lipids
salts, O2, H2O
OUT IN
cell needs materials in & products or waste out

5. Diffusion through phospholipid bilayer
What molecules can get through directly?
fats & other lipids
Small polar molecules, ie) H2O
lipid
inside cell
outside cell
What molecules can NOT get through directly?
ions
salts, ammonia
large molecules
starches, proteins
salt
NH3
sugar aa
H2O

6. Channels through cell membrane
Membrane becomes semi-permeable with protein channels
specific channels allow specific material across cell membrane
inside cell
H2O aa
sugar
salt
outside cell
NH3

7. Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion through protein channels
channels move specific molecules across cell membrane
no energy needed
facilitated = with help
open channel = fast transport
high
low
Donuts!
Each transport protein is specific as to the substances that it will translocate (move).
For example, the glucose transport protein in the liver will carry glucose from the blood to the cytoplasm, but not fructose, its structural isomer.
Some transport proteins have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel through the membrane -- simply provide corridors allowing a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane.
These channel proteins allow fast transport.
For example, water channel proteins, aquaporins, facilitate massive amounts of diffusion.

8. Active Transport
Cells may need to move molecules against concentration gradient
shape change transports solute from one side of membrane to other
protein “pump”
“costs” energy = ATP
low
high
Some transport proteins do not provide channels but appear to actually translocate the solute-binding site and solute across the membrane as the protein changes shape. These shape changes could be triggered by the binding and release of the transported molecule. This is model for active transport.

9. Getting through cell membrane
Passive Transport
Simple diffusion
diffusion of nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules
lipids
high  low concentration gradient
Facilitated transport
diffusion of polar, hydrophilic molecules
through a protein channel
Active transport
diffusion against concentration gradient
low  high
uses a protein pump
requires ATP
ATP

10. Transport summary simple diffusion facilitated diffusion
ATP
active transport

11. How about large molecules?
Moving large molecules into & out of cell
through vesicles & vacuoles
endocytosis
phagocytosis = “cellular eating”
pinocytosis = “cellular drinking”
exocytosis
exocytosis

12. Endocytosis fuse with lysosome for digestion phagocytosis
non-specific process
pinocytosis
triggered by molecular signal
receptor-mediated endocytosis

13. Phagocytosis

14. Osmosis is diffusion of water
Water is very important to life, so we talk about water separately
Diffusion of water from high concentration of water to low concentration of water
across a semi-permeable membrane

15. Concentration of water
Direction of osmosis is determined by comparing total solute concentrations
Hypertonic - more solute, less water
Hypotonic - less solute, more water
Isotonic - equal solute, equal water
hypotonic
hypertonic
water
net movement of water

16. Managing water balance
Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & loss
freshwater
balanced
saltwater

17. Managing water balance
Isotonic
animal cell immersed in mild salt solution
example: blood cells in blood plasma
problem: none
no net movement of water
flows across membrane equally, in both directions
volume of cell is stable
balanced

18. Managing water balance
Hypotonic
a cell in fresh water
example: Paramecium
problem: gains water, swells & can burst
water continually enters Paramecium cell
solution: contractile vacuole
pumps water out of cell
ATP
plant cells
turgid
ATP
freshwater

19. Water regulation
Contractile vacuole in Paramecium
ATP

20. Managing water balance
Hypertonic
a cell in salt water
example: shellfish
problem: lose water & die
solution: take up water or pump out salt
plant cells
plasmolysis = wilt
saltwater

21. Osmosis…
.05 M
.03 M
Cell (compared to beaker)  hypertonic or hypotonic
Beaker (compared to cell)  hypertonic or hypotonic
Which way does the water flow?  in or out of cell

22. Any Questions??