1. Cardinal vowels

3. Front /iː/ (long high front spread vowel).
Examples: cream, seen, sea, see,
2. /ɪ/ (short high front spread vowel)
Examples: bit, silly, pin, sit
3. /e/ (short mid front spread vowel)
Examples: bet, head, get, beg
4. /æ/ (Short low front spread vowel)
Examples: cat, dad, act, fact

4. Central
5. /ɜː/ long mid central spread vowel. examples: earth, burn, firm 6. /ə/ short mid central spread vowel. examples: about, clever, ago, teacher 7. /ʌ/ Short low central spread vowel. examples: cut, nut, note: the vowel sound in not and what is the not the same as that in cut and nut

5. Back Vowels
8. /u:/ long high back rounded vowel Examples: boot, glue, moon 9. /ʊ/ short high back rounded vowel examples: put, soot, would, wood 10. /ɔː/ long mid back rounded vowel examples: corn, born, horse 11. /ɒ/ short low back slightly rounded vowel examples: pot, dog, plot, what, not 12. /ɑː/ long low back spread vowel examples: hard, far, car, farm

6. Describe the following
Vowel
High, mid, low
Back, front
Short, long
example
/ɪ/
/æ/
/ʌ/
/ɒ/

7. /ɔː/ Vowel High, mid, low Back, front Short, long Rounded/unrounded
/ʊ/
/ɔː/

8. Describe the underlined vowel sound
Glue
Mother
Corn
Cream
Sit
Act
car

9. Diphthongs & Triphthongs

10. Diphthongs: - The term diphthong is derived from Greek.
- It means “double sound” which is a glide from one vowel to another in the same syllable.
- It behaves like a simple vowel in other respects.
- They are called falling diphthongs because in them, the first element is more prominent and they also carry length and stress.
- Like long vowels, all of them are relatively longer when they occur before voiced sounds or finally.

11. In English there are 8 diphthongs.
They can be subdivided into 2 categories:
1- Closing diphthongs:
Those diphthongs which have the close vowels /ᶷ/ & /ᴵ/
2- Centering Diphthongs:
Those diphthongs which have the central vowel /ᵊ/

15. Triphthongs:
-A triphthong is a vowel glide with three distinguishable vowel qualities.
-In other words, it is similar to a diphthong but comprising three rather than two vowel qualities.
- Triphthongs can be looked on as being composed of the five closing diphthongs described with /ᵊ/ added at the end.

16. Ending in/ᴵ/+ /ᵊ/ Ending in /ᶷ/+/ᵊ/
Triphthong ( Closing Diphthong + /ᵊ/)
Ending in/ᴵ/+ /ᵊ/ Ending in /ᶷ/+/ᵊ/

17. - In English, there are, said to be, five triphthongs formed by adding /ᵊ/ to the closing diphthongs.
Layer, player, mayor
Fire, higher, liar
royal, loyal
Lower, mower
Power, hour