1. A ventricular assist device powered by conditioned skeletal muscle
Robert L Whalen, PhD, Christopher L Richards, MS, Gilbert W Lim, MS, Craig W Sherman, MS, John C Norman, MD, Gill B Bearnson, MS, Gregory L Burns, DVM, PhD, Donald B Olsen, DVM 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 68, Issue 2, Pages (August 1999)
DOI: /S (99)

2. Fig 1 A block diagram of the CSM-powered VAD.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (99) )

3. Fig 2
A drawing of the blood pump/drive bladder assembly. The system is designed so that the blood pump may be decoupled from the drive bladder and operated pneumatically while the LDM is being conditioned to perform continuous work.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (99) )

4. Fig 3
A cross-section of the drive bladder assembly used for the in vivo studies. Two suture skirts were added at each end of the bladder to help position the LDM.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (99) )

5. Fig 4
The hardware configuration used for the in vivo studies. The stroke volume of the muscle-wrapped drive bladder is calculated by measuring pressure change produced by bladder collapse.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (99) )

6. Fig 5 Pressure tracing from experiment 96-04.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (99) )

7. Fig 6
The stimulated LDM compared with the unstimulated control. While muscle mass has been preserved, there are obvious degenerative changes in the stimulated muscle.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (99) )