1. Macromolecules

2. Carbohydrates: molecules made of sugar
Lipids: molecules made of fats
Proteins: large molecule made up of amino acids
Nucleic Acid: long chain of nucleotides-sugar, base, phosphate group.
Monomer: smallest unit of a macromolecule
Polymer: chains of macromolecules
Monosaccharide: one unit of sugar
Disaccharide: a small chain of two sugars
Polysaccharide: chain made of many sugars

3. 3. Carbon Compounds Biomolecules Make up parts of cell
Built from smaller repeating units
All units contain C

4. C A R B O H Y D R A T E S (carbohydrates)
Composition
Function
Examples
Foods
Sugars Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Ratio= 1:2:1
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Energy
Structural support
Cell recognition
Glucose (starch)
Sucrose
Chitin
Cellulose
Grains
Fruits
Vegetables

5. The chemical formula for simple carbohydrates is always in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Example: simple sugar glucose C6H12O6  
Example: complex sugar cellulose
C6H10O5
                                                                                     

6. Energy!
Photosynthesis: plants use light to make glucose and convert it to starch.
Animals break down glucose to get energy for cell activities.

7. Structural Support
Chitin: forms shells of lobsters, insects. Also found in mushrooms.
Cellulose: forms cell walls of plants.

8. Cell Recognition
Cells have carbohydrate chains on their outer surfaces.
-Other cells recognize neighbors by their carb. chains.
-The body recognizes invading cells by the carb. chains on their surfaces and attacks them.

9. Lipids

10. Lipids…lipids…LIPIDS…lipids…LiPiDs
Composition
Function
Examples
Foods
Carbon
Hydrogen
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail
Storing energy
Controlling water mvmt
Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes
Butter
Oil

11. Hydrophilic: attracted to water
Hydrophobic: repelled by water
Lipids consist of chains of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms.

12. Storing Energy -Lipids store energy more efficiently than carbs.
-Animals convert excess food into fat to store for winter or when food is scarce.
-Plants store oils in seeds to provide energy for new plants to grow.

13. Controlling Water Movement
Phospholipids: make up the cell’s boundary
-one end is hydrophilic
-opposite end is hydrophobic
Waxes:
-used by many plants to coat stems and leaves; prevents H2O evaporation
-used by aquatic birds to help keep feathers dry

14. Proteins

15. P r o t e i n s Composition Function Examples Foods
Amino Acids: made up of:
amino (NH2)
carboxyl (COOH)
variable group
*Peptide bond – carboxyl group of one unit and amino group of another link together
EVERYTHING
Structure
Support
Communication
Transportation
Chemical reactions
20 diff. amino acids
histidine
phenylalanine
tryptophan
Meats
Cheese
Eggs

16. Levels of Structure 1. Primary structure ~ order of the amino acid
2. Secondary structure ~ coils and folds of interacting side groups
3. Tertiary structure ~ overall shape of single chain
4. Quaternary structure ~ combining all chains to make protein
Levels of Structure
*Proteins are chains of amino acids that twist and fold into certain shapes that determine what the protein does

17. Nucleic Acids

18. Nucleic Acids base phosphate group Heredity info (DNA, RNA)
Composition
Function
Examples
Location
Nucleotides
sugar
base
phosphate group
Heredity info (DNA, RNA)
Energy carriers (ATP)
DNA-
deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA-
ribonucleic acid
ATP-
adenosine
triphosphate
In cells
Nucleic Acids

19. DNA is made of two strands of multiple nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonds. Nucleotides are made up of a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group. ATP is also a nucleotide and is made up of a sugar, a base, and three phosphate groups.

20. Heredity DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid -genetic code
-depends on order of bases in nucleotides
*Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.