1. TOPIC 19: America in the 1980s and 1990s
TOPIC 19: America in the 1980s and 1990s
19.1: the conservative movement surges

2. Describe the differences between liberal and conservative viewpoints.
America in the 1980s and 1990s ( )
Lesson 1 The Conservative Movement Surges
Learning Objectives
Describe the differences between liberal and conservative viewpoints.
Analyze the causes behind the conservative resurgence in the early 1980s.
Explain why Ronald Reagan won the presidency in 1980.

3. Liberals and Conservatives Diverge
The two major political parties in the United States in the late twentieth century were the Democrats, many of whom were “liberals,” and the Republicans, who were often labeled “conservatives.”
Liberals generally favored government intervention to help the needy, whereas conservatives generally favored allowing the free market, private organizations, and individuals to do that.
Although the two parties did agree on many basic issues, including core American values such as freedom and equality, they diverged on many others.

4. Liberalism’s Ideas and Goals
Liberals and Conservatives Diverge
Liberalism’s Ideas and Goals
Conservatism’s Ideas and Goals

5. The donkey is the unofficial symbol of the Democratic Party (liberal) and the elephant the unofficial symbol of the Republicans (conservatives).

6. In the 1980s, what might a liberal have believed about government involvement in the economy?

7. The Increasing Popularity of the New Right
During the 1940s and 1950s, the lines separating Republicans and Democrats had blurred. The two parties had developed a bipartisan foreign policy aimed at containing communism. Both favored a relatively significant role for the government in domestic affairs.
However, during the 1960s and 1970s, many Republicans became increasingly critical of the liberal policies of the Democrats. They advanced a new conservative agenda. The differences between the two major parties grew more pronounced.
The New Right, as the resurgent conservative movement was called, grew rapidly and was a coalition of several different groups with varying ideas and goals.

8. The Decline of Liberalism
The Increasing Popularity of the New Right
The Decline of Liberalism
Criticizing Liberal Programs
The Religious Right Emerges
Changing Demographic Patterns Boost Conservatism

9. During which years did the inflation rate rise steadily?

10. A Conservative Wins the White House
The growing conservative movement swept the Republican presidential candidate Ronald Reagan, to victory in the 1980 election.
Much more charismatic and polished than Goldwater, Reagan made clear his opposition to big government, his support for a strong military, and his faith in traditional values.
Just as importantly, he radiated optimism, convincing Americans that he would usher in a new era of prosperity and patriotism.

11. Reagan’s Path to the Presidency
A Conservative Wins the White House
Reagan’s Path to the Presidency
The 1980 Election

12. Some describe the 1980 presidential election as a close contest.
In what way was this true?
In what way was it not true?

13. B. by limiting the power of the federal government
Quiz: Liberals and Conservatives Diverge
How did modern conservatives propose to improve the economy?
A. by pursuing a détente policy to stimulate trade
B. by limiting the power of the federal government
C. by increasing government regulation of industry
D. by increasing income taxes to fund social reforms
B. by limiting the power of the federal government

14. B. the perceived failure of the Great Society plan
Quiz: The Increasing Popularity of the New Right
What directly contributed to the decline of liberalism?
A. the Engel v. Vitale court decision
B. the perceived failure of the Great Society plan
C. public support for reproductive rights
D. bipartisan efforts to contain communism
B. the perceived failure of the Great Society plan

15. Quiz: A Conservative Wins the White House
How did Ronald Reagan win the support of the American public during the 1980 presidential election?
A. He appeared articulate and charismatic during the presidential debates.
B. He demonstrated respect and admiration for the Carter administration.
C. He charmed young voters with antiwar rhetoric and progressive values.
D. He emphasized the value of past reform programs such as the New Deal.
A. He appeared articulate and charismatic during the presidential debates.

16. TOPIC 19: America in the 1980s and 1990s
TOPIC 19: America in the 1980s and 1990s
19.2: the Reagan era

17. A New Direction for the American Economy
Conservatives celebrated Ronald Reagan’s election as the fulfillment of their dreams. Some even referred to his coming to power as the “Reagan Revolution.”
The Reagan Revolution would bring a significant shift in the political direction of the nation.

18. A New Direction for the American Economy
Tax Cuts and Deregulation
Significant Societal Issues
Problems With Deficits
Trade Imbalance With Japan
Reagan and Organized Labor
The Private Sector Creates Economic Opportunities

19. Ronald Reagan had to find a way to deal with inflation and stimulate the economy.
How effective were Reaganomics in tackling inflation?

20. According to the theory of supply-side economics, how can tax cuts stimulate the economy?

21. Reagan used his time in office to strengthen the conservative cause.
Conservative Momentum Continues
Despite budget and debt problems, the economic recovery improved the national mood and helped Ronald Reagan’s popularity.
Reagan used his time in office to strengthen the conservative cause.
Private conservative educational and research groups, such as Washington D.C.’s Heritage Foundation, supported Reagan and lobbied Congress on behalf of his programs.

22. Creating Conservative Courts
Conservative Momentum Continues
Winning a Second Term
Creating Conservative Courts
George H.W. Bush Becomes President

23. Culture, Challenge, and Change
Despite Reagan’s vision of “morning in America” and Bush’s “thousand points of light,” in truth a great cultural and economic divide existed in 1980s society—a division partially defined by race, ethnicity, and gender.
The economic recovery of the mid-1980s did not affect all segments of society equally. As the number of poor increased, so did violence and drug use in the nation’s inner cities.
At the same time, a culture of acquisition intensified among Americans.

24. Material Culture in the 1980s
Culture, Challenge, and Change
Material Culture in the 1980s
The Space Program in the 1980s
Cold War Culture in the 1980s
Confronting Challenging Issues at Home

25. A. He fired the striking workers.
Quiz: A New Direction for the American Economy
How did President Reagan respond to the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization strike in 1981?
A. He fired the striking workers.
B. He adhered to the strikers’ demands.
C. He instructed federal forces to break up the strike.
D. He negotiated a reasonable settlement with the strikers.
A. He fired the striking workers.

26. Quiz: Conservative Momentum Continues
What did George H.W. Bush’s vision of “a thousand points of light” encourage?
A. military service
B. education funding
C. community service
D. consumer spending
C. community service

27. C. removing important funding from public schools.
Quiz: Culture, Challenge, and Change
Most liberals believed that vouchers would affect education by
A. forcing public schools to improve.
B. reducing the quality of private education.
C. removing important funding from public schools.
D. making private education unaffordable for many people.
C. removing important funding from public schools.

28. TOPIC 19: America in the 1980s and 1990s
TOPIC 19: America in the 1980s and 1990s
19.3: the COLD WAR ENDS

29. Reagan believed that peace would come through strength.
Reagan Leads with “Peace Through Strength”
President Ronald Reagan believed that the United States had lost its way in the wake of the Vietnam War.
Rather than détente, he felt the United States should seek to roll back Soviet rule in Eastern Europe and elsewhere.
Reagan believed that peace would come through strength.
Although Reagan’s foreign policies initially increased tension between the two superpowers, they contributed to the end of the Cold War.

30. Reagan Decides on U.S. Military Buildup
Reagan Leads with “Peace Through Strength”
Reagan Decides on U.S. Military Buildup
Reagan Involves the U.S. in the Middle East and Central America
Economic Pressures Force Gorbachev to Pursue Reforms
Reagan and Gorbachev Reevaluate Their Positions

31. Based on the information in the graphic, summarize Reagan's 'peace through strength' approach to national defense.

32. President Reagan promoted the SDI program, which aimed to construct space-based weapons that could shoot down any missiles aimed at the United States. How might the SDI program have affected U.S.-Soviet relations?

33. Impact of the End of the Cold War
1991 was a turning point in American and world history. In a little over three years’ time after Reagan’s speech in Moscow, the Cold War had come to an end.
The Berlin Wall came down; Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary held democratic elections; and the Soviet Union disintegrated into numerous separate republics.
Time magazine observed: “It was one of those rare times when the tectonic plates of history shift beneath men’s feet, and nothing after is quite the same.”

34. Communist Governments Fall in Eastern Europe
Impact of the End of the Cold War
Communist Governments Fall in Eastern Europe
The Soviet Union Disintegrates

35. In 1987, President Reagan spoke at the Brandenburg Gate near the Berlin Wall and challenged Gorbachev to “tear down this wall.”

36. Compare this map to a current map of eastern Europe
Compare this map to a current map of eastern Europe. What has happened to these former communist countries since 1991?

37. U.S. Involvement in the Middle East and the Iran-Contra Affair
Conflicts in the Middle East in the 1980s tested political relationships throughout the world.
The Iran-Iraq War from 1980–1988 and increasing incidents of terrorism brought the United States into direct confrontation with several countries in the region.

38. The U.S. Retaliates Against Libya
U.S. Involvement in the Middle East and the Iran-Contra Affair
The U.S. Retaliates Against Libya
Reagan Sends Marines Into Lebanon
The Iran-Contra Affair Shakes the Presidency

39. B. to prevent the nation from becoming a communist outpost
Quiz: Reagan Leads with “Peace Through Strength”
Why did the United States invade Grenada in 1983?
A. to retrieve U.S. students that had been kept as hostages
B. to prevent the nation from becoming a communist outpost
C. to improve the U.S. economy by accessing foreign resources
D. to support a movement to overthrow the nation’s prime minister
B. to prevent the nation from becoming a communist outpost

40. B. to prevent the nation from becoming a communist outpost
Quiz: Impact of the End of the Cold War
Why did the United States invade Grenada in 1983?
A. to retrieve U.S. students that had been kept as hostages
B. to prevent the nation from becoming a communist outpost
C. to improve the U.S. economy by accessing foreign resources
D. to support a movement to overthrow the nation’s prime minister
B. to prevent the nation from becoming a communist outpost

41. Quiz: U.S. Involvement in the Middle East and the Iran-Contra Affair
Why did the United States place economic sanctions on Libya?
A. Libya declared its support for communist regimes.
B. Libya announced that it was producing chemical weapons.
C. Trade between Libya and the United States was not advantageous.
D. The United States grew frustrated with Libya’s support of terrorist groups.
D. The United States grew frustrated with Libya’s support of terrorist groups.

42. TOPIC 19: America in the 1980s and 1990s
TOPIC 19: America in the 1980s and 1990s
19.4: A NEW ERA IN FOREIGN POLICY

43. Bush Forges a New Role in the World
When the Cold War came to an end, many Americans hoped that a new era of peace would dawn.
Yet, America’s foreign policy during the Bush years demonstrated that the end of the Cold War would not lead to a new era of peace, but instead to a dangerous era of regional conflicts.

44. Political Changes and the War on Drugs in Latin America
Bush Forges a New Role in the World
Political Changes and the War on Drugs in Latin America
China Resists Calls for Democracy
Pressures Force Changes in South Africa
U.S. Works for Peace and Human Rights

45. The Persian Gulf War
The most important foreign-policy challenge faced by the Bush administration took place in the Persian Gulf.
On August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded its tiny neighbor Kuwait. Nearly 150,000 Iraqi troops quickly overran Kuwaiti forces.

46. A Dictator’s Thirst for Power Leads to War
The Persian Gulf War
A Dictator’s Thirst for Power Leads to War
U.S. Spearheads Operation Desert Storm
Lasting Effects of the War

47. What nations did Saddam Hussein retaliate against during the Persian Gulf War?

48. Clinton Wins the 1992 Election
After the 1991 Persian Gulf War ended, President George H.W. Bush’s approval rating reached 91 percent. In less than one year, however, public opinion had changed.
Saddam Hussein had stayed in power, continuing to threaten peace in the Middle East. The American economy had gone into recession and the federal deficit had risen.
People were angered by Bush’s betrayal of his 1988 campaign pledge not to raise taxes. Bush’s sinking popularity opened up the way for the Democratic challenge.

49. “New Democrats” Emerge
Clinton Wins the 1992 Election
“New Democrats” Emerge
Winning the White House

50. What was Ross Perot’s impact on the 1992 election?

51. Clinton Intervenes With Mixed Success
When Bill Clinton became president, the more than 40-year-old American foreign policy of fighting communism had just ended. The United States needed to develop a role for itself in the post–Cold War world. Americans were willing to provide economic aid, as they did to nations of the former Soviet Union.
But many of them questioned military intervention abroad, fearing a costly commitment like the Vietnam War. With violence surging in regional conflicts throughout the world, however, Clinton found it necessary to intervene. He did so with mixed success.

52. U.S. Intervention in Somalia and Haiti
Clinton Intervenes With Mixed Success
U.S. Intervention in Somalia and Haiti
U.S. Involvement in the Balkans Crisis
Clinton Galvanizes NATO Forces
The Rwanda Genocide

53. From the map, which republic appears to have the potential to be the strongest? Consider not only size, but location of the former capital of Yugoslavia.

54. In the 1990s, Israel’s military responded to attacks by Palestinians.
America and the Middle East in the 1990s
In the 1990s, Israel’s military responded to attacks by Palestinians.
The level of violence grew increasingly fierce.
Meanwhile, instability had increased in the region as a whole.
As Clinton worked to address it, violence originating in the region spread outward, with the United States increasingly a target.

55. Small Steps Toward Peace in Israel
America and the Middle East in the 1990s
Small Steps Toward Peace in Israel
Terrorists Hit U.S. Targets

56. What city is located on the border between Israeli and Palestinian territory?

57. A. to arrest Panama’s corrupt dictator
Quiz: Bush Forges a New Role in the World
Why did President Bush send thousands of U.S. troops to invade Panama in 1989?
A. to arrest Panama’s corrupt dictator
B. to establish free elections in Panama
C. to end Panama’s devastating civil war
D. to gain control of resources in Panama
A. to arrest Panama’s corrupt dictator

58. D. to prevent Iraq from gaining control of oil reserves
Quiz: The Persian Gulf War
What was the goal of Operation Desert Storm?
A. to destroy al Qaeda
B. to overthrow Saddam Hussein
C. to thwart the increase of Saudi Arabian power
D. to prevent Iraq from gaining control of oil reserves
D. to prevent Iraq from gaining control of oil reserves

59. A. sought to reconcile conservative and liberal ideals.
Quiz: Clinton Wins the 1992 Election
Voters were attracted to the “New Democrats” because they
A. sought to reconcile conservative and liberal ideals.
B. wanted to establish socialist policies and welfare reform.
C. prioritized free trade above all other economic philosophies.
D. championed the traditional liberal policies of taxing and spending.
A. sought to reconcile conservative and liberal ideals.

60. A. It quickly brought about a cease-fire.
Quiz: Clinton Intervenes With Mixed Success
How did the intervention of NATO affect the Balkans crisis?
A. It quickly brought about a cease-fire.
B. It increased tensions between Serbians and Bosnians.
C. It permanently ended the practice of ethnic cleansing in the region.
D. It established a multinational Bosnia and resolved the region’s conflicts.
A. It quickly brought about a cease-fire.

61. B. Arafat was dissatisfied with the peace proposals.
Quiz: America and the Middle East in the 1990s
What happened when President Clinton invited Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak to Camp David in 2000?
A. The leaders signed a mutual peace agreement.
B. Arafat was dissatisfied with the peace proposals.
C. The leaders planned a strategy to defeat terrorism.
D. Barak refused to attend the meetings at Camp David.
B. Arafat was dissatisfied with the peace proposals.

62. TOPIC 19: America in the 1980s and 1990s
TOPIC 19: America in the 1980s and 1990s
19.5: Clinton and the 1990s

63. Clinton Enacts New Domestic Policies
When Bill Clinton took the presidential oath of office on January 20, 1993, he faced a great challenge. Since 1968, Americans had chosen Republican presidents in five out of six elections.
The Republican argument that government needed to be smaller and less intrusive resonated with many Americans.
Clinton therefore needed to chart a middle course between the limited role for government advocated by Republicans and the traditional Democratic reliance on government programs to address social problems.

64. Family Medical Leave Act Becomes Law
Clinton Enacts New Domestic Policies
Family Medical Leave Act Becomes Law
An Uphill Battle on Healthcare Reform
Fighting Crime and Violence

65. What steps did President Clinton take to reduce the potential for violent crime in America?

66. Republicans Lead a Conservative Resurgence
After two years in office, Clinton had achieved a few lasting legislative victories.
Yet the failure of his healthcare initiative signaled that his popularity, and his control of Congress, was waning.
With the 1994 midterm elections approaching, congressional Republicans seized the opportunity to advance their own ideas.

67. Gingrich’s Contract With America
Republicans Lead a Conservative Resurgence
Gingrich’s Contract With America
Republicans Sweep the 1994 Elections
A Strong Economy Lifts Clinton to Reelection

68. How did the Republican Revolution affect the balance of power between Democrats and Republicans in the federal government?

69. President Clinton had dodged scandals from his first days in office.
Scandals, Impeachment, and Trial
President Clinton had dodged scandals from his first days in office.
One, a sexual harassment suit, had stemmed from his years as governor of Arkansas.
Another concerned investments that Bill and Hillary Clinton had made in the Whitewater Development Corporation, an Arkansas real estate company, in the 1970s and 1980s.

70. Investigating Clinton Leads to New Scandal
Scandals, Impeachment, and Trial
Investigating Clinton Leads to New Scandal
Impeaching and Acquitting the President

71. Digital Technology Changes American Life
During the twentieth century, the rate of technological change sped up dramatically.
New technology touched every aspect of life, including how Americans worked, played, and communicated.
At the same time, globalization transformed the American economy, bringing both new challenges and new opportunities.

72. Digital Technology Changes American Life
Microchips and Microprocessors Lead to the Modern Computer
Transforming Business and Industry
Science and Agriculture Innovations
Satellite Technology Transforms Communication and Navigation
Creating the Internet
The Tech Boom Fuels Economic Growth

73. Which indicator changed more rapidly—the number of households with Internet access or those with computers?

74. What does the information on net operating profits and initial public stock offering suggest about investment in technology companies in the late 1990s?

75. B. It placed new restrictions on gun sales.
Quiz: Clinton Enacts New Domestic Policies
What did the Brady Bill accomplish?
A. It increased funding for police.
B. It placed new restrictions on gun sales.
C. It set up infrastructure to prevent terrorist attacks.
D. It required metal detectors to be installed in public schools.
B. It placed new restrictions on gun sales.

76. Quiz: Republicans Lead a Conservative Resurgence
What did Republicans accomplish after winning control of the House of Representatives in 1994?
A. They successfully eliminated Medicare.
B. They passed the entire Contract With America plan.
C. They won public approval with the government shutdown.
D. They gained partial presidential support for the conservative agenda.
D. They gained partial presidential support for the conservative agenda.

77. A. He investigated Clinton’s relationship with a White House intern.
Quiz: Scandals, Impeachment, and Trial
How was Kenneth Starr involved in President Clinton’s political scandals?
A. He investigated Clinton’s relationship with a White House intern.
B. He led the Republican House majority in impeaching the president.
C. He found proof of the Clintons’ guilt in the Whitewater investment case.
D. He encouraged Congress not to file criminal charges against the president.
A. He investigated Clinton’s relationship with a White House intern.

78. C. the effort to defeat the enemy during World War II
Quiz: Digital Technology Changes American Life
What inspired the development of the first computer?
A. the Cold War arms race
B. advancements in biotechnology
C. the effort to defeat the enemy during World War II
D. the expansion of communication via satellites
C. the effort to defeat the enemy during World War II