1. Opening Activity: Latin America Independence Map
-Using page 159: -Label each country and the year they gained independence -Make a key of the five colonial powers (from 1790) and color each section according to the country that controlled it -Outline the Gran Columbia and United Provinces of Central America ***Remember 4-3 textbook work is due EOP (end of period)

2. Notes #3 Causes of the Revolutions of Latin America
Ch. 4 Sec 3

3. A. Social and Ethnic Structure
Peninsulares
Creoles
No rights
Mestizos
Mulattoes
Native Americans and Africans;
usually servants or slaves

4. Social and Ethnic Structure
Peninsulares: Spanish-born nobles. Held top gov’t/church jobs.
Creoles: Latin American-born descendants of Europeans. Most were landowners, but were still second class citizens.
Mulattoes: Mixed African and European.
Mestizos: Mixed Native American and European.

5. B. The Enlightenment
Wealthy creoles were educated in Europe, where they were inspired by the French Revolutions.
Witnessed the social equality attempted by the French in their revolution
Revolutions showed that a monarch wasn’t necessary for rule
Had just seen North America win its independence from Britain.

6. C. Napoleon’s Invasion of Spain
In 1808, Napoleon overthrew the Spanish king and placed his own brother, Joseph (Jose) Bonaparte, on the Spanish throne.
Latin America saw this as a sign of weakness in Spain- so now was the time to take action for freedom.

7. Latin America under Spanish rule

8. D. Mexico leads revolt against Spain
Father Miguel Hidalgo, a creole priest, calls for Mexican fight for independence in 1810
-calls for an end to slavery
-improve conditions for Native Americans
Hidalgo is captured and executed, but Father Jose Morelos, a mestizo, takes his place
-calls for social and political reform

9. Mexico wins its independence and sets an example for the rest of Latin America
-By 1821 Agustin de Iturbide takes the title Emperor Agustin I, he is overthrown and Mexico becomes a republic
-Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin liberate South America from the Spanish