1. Scientific Intersections
Where Jefferson Lab Science Connects to Other Fields
Rik Yoshida
6/25/19

2. Outline Context Introduction Connection within nuclear physics
Nucleon and Nuclear spin
International effort on spin physics
Hot and Cold QCD
Hadronization
Connection to neighboring fields
Astrophysics
neutron stars and Jlab science
Atomic physics
atomic spectra and proton form factor
Particle physics
precision electroweak measurements
Conclusion
Input and help from
Will Brooks
Or Hen
Douglas Higinbotham
Sebastian Kuhn
Bob Michaels
Jerry Miller
+ a lot of “borrowed” slides and plots
All mistakes are mine.
Connections JLab LUO 19

3. Context: Extremes of Modern Science
1027 meters
10-18 meters
ΛCDM model
Particle Standard Model
45 orders
of Magnitude
Connections JLab LUO 19

4. Context: Nuclear Science and the Origin of the Cosmos
Characteristics of Protons and Neutrons (Nucleons),
singly and collectively in Nuclei, in concert
with EW and Gravity forms the visible Cosmos.
Stellar Fusion
He through Fe
Big Bang
~14 to 5 Billon
Years ago
Novae
~200 Thousand
Years ago
H, He
~15 Billion Years ago
Heavier than Fe
Connections JLab LUO 19

5. Context: Characteristics of Nucleons and Nuclei
Mass
Spin
Bulk
NN interactions …
Arise out of quarks and gluons interacting
through Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
quarks
gluons
We have little idea of how from
fundamental QCD because it is strongly coupled
in the energy regime of the mass of Nucleons.
Jefferson Lab explores explores Nuclear to Quark scale:
Connections JLab LUO 19

6. Introduction
Jefferson Lab science has a LOT of connections to “Other Fields”
This is an introductory tour.
This is NOT a complete survey: have chosen a few
This is an encouragement to go seek them out!
Many of the topics I discuss will be covered in other talks later on..
My emphasis will be on the connections. Will generally not show many (new) results.
Much more detail on the science itself in the other talks. (will try to point to the talks)
Tried to get examples from three areas:
Connections within Nuclear Physics (brief)
Connections to Astrophysics and Cosmology
Connections to High Energy Physics.
Connections JLab LUO 19

7. Within NP: Spin Physics
RHIC Spin
BNL
CERN
JLab 12 Projections
SeaQuest
Fermilab
V. Burkert: Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci :405–28
Connections JLab LUO 19

8. Within NP: Spin programs around the world
Sebastian Kuhn
Du/u and Dd/d at high x ?
Nuclear effects on nucleon structure
Understanding the sea – Ds, u - d, Du - Dd?
Orbital angular momentum? -> GPDs in 3D
Axial and Tensor charges of the nucleon
Full mapping of all TMD PDFs in the valence and sea region
Gluon helicity distribution at large x and a small x? What is the integral DG?
Test of universality
Test of prediction that time-odd TMDs (e.g., Sivers asymmetry) change sign in Drell-Yan processes
What happens at really small x << 0.01?
12 GeV
EIC
JLab, FNAL, RHIC, COMPASS
COMPASS, JLab
EIC
JLab + COMPASS (NLO), RHIC, COMPASS SIDIS
RHIC
RHIC, COMPASS, FNAL
RHIC, COMPASS, FNAL, FAIR, JPARC
Connections JLab LUO 19

9. Within NP: Heavy Ion Collisions and Quark-Gluon Plasma
Initial
State
time
RHIC
Connections JLab LUO 19

10. Parton passage and hadronization in hot and cold QCD𝜂
COLD 𝜙
Nucleus
CMS
Investigate in DIS where passage and hadronization
takes place in “cold” QCD
Color transparency
Jerry Miller’s talk
More in Barbara Jacak’s talk tomorrow
Connections JLab LUO 19

11. Using SIDIS to understand
HERMES data (Neon, Krypton, Xenon)
Brooks and Lopez
arXiv:
Transverse momentum
Broadening
Multiplicity ratio
Color lifetime
Quark energy loss
Transport Coefficient
Cross-section for hadronic interaction
Color lifetime
Quark Energy loss
Extraction using the Brooks-Lopez model
To be done for CLAS12 data
EIC kinematic range will
give much larger leverage
𝑞 transport coefficient controls energy loss in and QCD matter.
COLD
Connections JLab LUO 19

12. Astrophysics: LIGO/Virgo Gravitational Wave Discovery
Eleven Science Questions for the next Century 8 10
LIGO Observatories
National Academy of Sciences
2003
Connections JLab LUO 19

13. Astrophysics: GW170817 (binary neutron star merger)
August , 12:41:04.43
Kilonova
10000 x earth mass r-process
elements created.
Connections JLab LUO 19

14. Astrophysics: Neutron Stars Properties and Neutron Skin in Nuclei
CREX
Projections
PREX II
“deformability”
Horowitz
GW170817
Neutron Skin
(Nuclear surface tension <-> Gravity) balances
neutron matter pressure
Neutron Star Radius
Connections JLab LUO 19

15. Astrophysics: Short Range Correlations and Neutron Stars
Mostly np
(not nn or pp)
M.F.
SRC
increasing
like N/Z
Same number
of p and n
M. Duer et al.
Connections JLab LUO 19

16. High-P Proton dominance in Neutron-rich environments: Neutron Stars
Neutron Stars contain 5-10% protons and electrons at center.
Urca cooling : important cooling mechanism of neutron stars
n→ p + 𝑒 − + 𝜈
p + 𝑒 − →n +𝜈
~1 billion degrees/minute
Protons move faster as N/Z increase
Connections JLab LUO 19

17. Proton Radius and Atomic Spectroscopy
Lamb shift electron
small
Big
Lamb shift muon
Electron Scattering
~5 𝜎
Big
0.8751(61) CODATA 2014
Particle Data Group (2018 & 2019 update)
small!
0.8414(19) CODATA “2018” released 30 May 2019
I couldn’t find out how this was determined
at least with a cursory web search
So what’s going on?
Connections JLab LUO 19

18. Atomic Spectroscopy and eP Elastic Scattering
Atomic Energy Levels
Bohr Atom
𝐸𝑛𝑙𝑗=𝑅∞ [− 1 𝑛2 +∆ 𝑟2p +QED Corrections]
Shift from proton radius (only exists for l=0 (s) states)
Rydberg Constant
Proton radius and the proton form factor (extract from eP elastic scattering)
𝑟2𝑃 ≡−6 𝑑𝐺𝐸 𝑄2 𝑑𝑄2
𝑄2=0
Rosenbluth Formula
Evaluate at Q2=0
Slope of the electric form factor
Q1: Is 𝑟P the same as 𝑟p ?  Yes!
G. Miller PR C 99, (2019)
𝑄2=−𝑞2
Connections JLab LUO 19

19. eP elastic scattering Bernauer et. al. 0.879 (0.005)(0.008) fm
D. Higinbotham talk this morning
PR C99, (2019)
0.844(7) fm
New results from Prad!
See Weizhi Xiong’s talk
Q2 [GeV2]
Connections JLab LUO 19

20. Muonic and Normal Hydrogen
∆ 𝑟p = 2 𝑍𝛼 4 3𝑛3 𝑀𝑃∙𝑚 𝑒,𝜇 𝑀𝑃+ 𝑚 𝑒,𝜇 3 𝑟𝑝2 𝛿𝑙0
to leading order
Because muon mass is 200 times that of the electron, ∆ is about 107 larger in case of the muonic hydrogen
rP = ± ± fm
Antognini et. al. 2013
What about this one for normal Hydrogen?
Beyer result announcement
Trento June 22, 2016
Courtesy: D. Higinbotham
Connections JLab LUO 19

21. Rydberg Constant and Proton Radius
𝐸𝑛𝑙𝑗=𝑅∞ [− 1 𝑛2 +∆ 𝑟2p +QED Corrections]
Beyer paper fits Rydberg constant and proton radius simultaneously
small!
So what about this?
MUSE: two photon contribution
More Atomic Lamb shift measurements
Far from over!
Big
0.8751(61) CODATA 2014 𝑟p
Maybe non-SM!
small!
0.8414(19) CODATA “2018” released 30 May 2019
10,973, (65) m-1 CODATA 2014
10,973,  160(21) m-1 CODATA released 30 May 2019 𝑅∞
>5𝜎
Douglas Higinbotham pointed this out to me
Connections JLab LUO 19

22. High Energy Physics
Basically, HEP physicists would like to know if anything
other than one of the diagrams below is happening
LHC
+ Higgs
Connections JLab LUO 19

23. Evolution of the parton distribution in the proton
Parton Splittings
LHC
Tevatron
Q’2
EIC ✓ ☓
JLab 12 Q2 x1 x2 x’ 1
Connections JLab LUO 19

24. What does this plot mean for hadron-hadron colliders?
rapidity:
1 E+PZ
y= ln( )
2 E-PZ
pseudo-rapidity:
η=-ln tan(θ/2) 2 4
angle wrt beam
parton1(x1) + parton2(x2)  State with mass M
For Tevatron, for example,
high-x measurements
at JLab should be very
relevant.
x1= (M/√s) exp (y)
x2= (M/√s) exp (-y)
Connections JLab LUO 19

25. An Example: Precision W mass measurements
Standard Model predicts a precise relation between Mw , Mt and MH
Evan McClellan, Hanjie Liu talks
W production at the Tevatron
Knowledge of d/u in
the JLab range is
important!
Connections JLab LUO 19

26. Transverse momenta and the W mass
𝑀𝑇=2 𝑝𝑇,𝑙 𝑝𝑇,𝜐 [1−cos⁡(∆𝜙𝑙,𝜐)]
But this can be thrown off if there is a transverse momentum
of the partons.
Connections JLab LUO 19

27. Precision W mass → Test of Standard Model → TMDs
DIS
Drell-Yan
Connections JLab LUO 19

28. Conclusion Many things not covered
Spectroscopy
Pentaquarks
Hypernuclei
Dark photon searches …
What JLab experiments measure has many deep
implications to many other fields.
Not just “interesting”. Provides context for research!
“The term `holistic' refers to my conviction that what we are concerned with here is the fundamental interconnectedness of all things.”
New EIC simulation software demo 6:30 this evening F113 (free pizza! I hope)
Connections JLab LUO 19