1. Gen Chem Ch 4 Pg 105 The Atom
Nucleus of positive protons and neutral neutrons
Energy levels of negative electrons outside nucleus
Mass = protons + neutrons only Pg 113
Neutrons = mass – protons
Isotopes – same element with diff neutrons
ex: carbon-12 and carbon-14
see nuclear symbols Pg 114
used in medical imaging

2. Periodic Table Ch 6 Pg 161
Designed by Russian scientist Mendeleev late 1800’s
Column 1 – alkali metals, lose 1 electron, +1
Column 2 – alkaline earth metals, lose 2, +2
Column 7 – halogens, make salts with col 1, gain 1 electron, -1
Column 8 – noble gas, full outer levels, don’t react
Metalloids – stairstep line
D Block – transition elements, + but varying #+

3. Trends
Atomic radii Pg 174 – smaller to the right due to more attraction between protons & electrons- larger to the bottom due to more levels of electrons
Ionization energy Pg 177 – energy needed to remove an electron – higher to the right because almost full, lower to the bottom due to farther from nucleus
Electronegativity Pg 181– attraction for electrons – higher to right, lower to bottom

4. Ch 5 Pg 138 Light Know spectrum from handout
Speed of light C = 3 x 108 m/s
C = wavelength in m x frequency in Hertz c=wf
Light is a photon particle that travels in a wave
Quantum is amt of energy of light given off by electron falling from higher unstable level
Energy = h x frequency E=hf
h = Planck’s constant x J-s

5. Electron Configurations Pg 134-37
Aufbau – fill levels starting with lowest
Pauli – 2 electrons per orbital, spinning in opposite directions
Hund – fill by putting one electron in each orbital in same direction, then put 2nd electron in other direction
Know how to write electron config, orbital notations with arrows, and noble gas notation