1. Hash Function Requirements
Network Security

2. Hash Function Requirements
Objectives of the Topic
After completing this topic, a student will be able to
explain hash function requirements.

3. Hash Function Requirements
Figures and material in this topic have been adapted from
“Network Security Essentials : Applications and Standards”, 2014, by William Stallings.

4. Hash Function Requirements
The purpose of a hash function is to produce a “fingerprint” of a file, message, or other block of data.
It accepts a variable-length block of data M as input and produces a fixed-size hash value h = H(M).

5. Hash Function Requirements
A “good” hash function has the property that the results of applying the function to a large set of inputs will produce outputs that are evenly distributed and apparently random.

6. Hash Function Requirements
A change to any bit or bits in M results, with high probability, in a change to the hash code.
The principal object of a hash function is data integrity.

7. Hash Function Requirements
For a hash value h = H(x), we say that x is the preimage of h.
In other words, x is a data block whose hash function, using the function H, is h.

8. Hash Function Requirements
Because H is a many-to-one mapping, for any given hash value h, there will in general be multiple preimages.

9. Hash Function Requirements
A collision occurs if we have x ≠ y and H(x) = H(y).
Because we are using hash functions for data integrity, collisions are clearly undesirable.

10. Hash Function Requirements
To be useful for message authentication, a hash function H must have the following properties:
1. H can be applied to a block of data of any size.
2. H produces a fixed-length output.

11. Hash Function Requirements
3. H(x) is relatively easy to compute for any given x, making both hardware and software implementations practical.

12. Hash Function Requirements
4. For any given code h, it is computationally infeasible to find x such that H(x) = h.
A hash function with this property is referred to as one-way or preimage resistant.

13. Hash Function Requirements
5. For any given block x, it is computationally infeasible to find y ≠ x with H(y) = H(x).
A hash function with this property is referred to as second preimage resistant.
This is also referred to as weak collision resistant.

14. Hash Function Requirements
6. It is computationally infeasible to find any pair (x, y) such that H(x) = H(y).
Such a hash function is referred to as collision resistant.
This is sometimes referred to as strong collision resistant.

15. Hash Function Requirements
First three properties are requirements for the practical application of a hash function to message authentication.
The 4th property is important if the authentication technique involves the use of a secret value.

16. Hash Function Requirements
The fourth property, preimage resistant, is the “one-way” property: It is easy to generate a code given a message, but virtually impossible to generate a message given a code.

17. Hash Function Requirements
The 5th property prevents forgery when an encrypted hash code is used.

18. Hash Function Requirements
A hash function that satisfies the first five properties in the preceding list is referred to as a weak hash function.
If the sixth property is also satisfied, then it is referred to as a strong hash function.

19. Hash Function Requirements
Security of Hash Functions:
Two approaches to attacking a secure hash function are:
Cryptanalysis, and
brute-force attack

20. Hash Function Requirements
Cryptanalysis of a hash function involves exploiting logical weaknesses in the algorithm.
The strength of a hash function against brute-force attacks depends on length of hash code produced by algorithm.

21. Hash Function Requirements
For a hash code of length n, the level of effort required is proportional to the following:
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