1. Peace with Problems
The Cold War ( )

3. End of WWII
Uneasy wartime alliance between the US and USSR dissolved…distrust…
Soviets were still angry at us for delaying D-Day.
US was not happy with their pact with Hitler to start the War.
Soviets were determined to establish a “buffer zone” for any future attacks.
Soviet wanted to spread communism.
US wanted democracy and capitalism.

4. United Nations
US learned it’s lesson from WWI (failure of the League of Nations) and led the formation of a world peace keeping organization called the United Nations (UN.)
FDR and Churchill had discussed it at the Atlantic Charter Meeting in 1941.

5. Containment No more isolationism for the US.
Our only common goal with Soviets in WWII was to defeat Hitler.
After the war, USSR became a threat to the non-communist world.
We became committed to a policy of containment:
Stop the spread of communism (fear of domino effect .)

6. Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech
1946 Speech in Missouri – PM Winston Churchill (Great Britain) cautioned the world about the threat of communist expansion.
He described the division between free Western Europe and communist Eastern Europe as “an Iron Curtain that has descended across the Continent from the Baltic to the Adriatic.”

7. The Truman Doctrine
President Truman pledged support to Greece and Turkey ($400 million) to contain the spread of communism from the Soviet Union.
Soviets always wanted warm water ports and the Turkish straits would give them this access.
Containment was successful.

8. The Marshall Plan
Since communism thrives on poverty, US General George Marshall proposed this plan to rebuild Western Europe to solve the “hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos” and make communism less attractive.
Between , the US sent $13 billion in economic aid to rebuild war torn Western Europe.
Containment was successful.

9. Division of Germany

10. Start of the Cold War
When the Soviet Union refused to unite their German/Berlin zones with the Allies zones – the Cold War begins.
Berlin Blockade – Soviets tried to starve the West Berliners into accepting communism with a LAND BLOCKADE in 1948.

11. Berlin Airlift (June 1948-May 1949)
US responded with an year long Airlift to supply West Berlin with food, clothing, fuel, medicine, etc. to help them resist communism.
It was a tremendous success and showed the US commitment to containment.

12. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1949 – US and Western European Nations formed the NATO alliance to contain communism.
Collective security with defense
An attack on one would be an attack on all
GW’s neutrality is gone
USSR’s response: Warsaw Pact
7 Eastern European nations were forced to join this opposing alliance.

13. Four Point Program
US recognized that the USSR’s communist expansion was aimed not only at (1)Europe but at any developing nations of the world.
In 1950 Truman provided aid to countries in (2)Latin America, (3)Africa and (4)Asia to modernize and strengthen their economies: Containment!

14. Containment in Asia - China
WWII – we were allies with China
Post WWII – China falls to communism Communist Mao Zedong defeated Nationalist Chiang Kai-shek and created the People’s Republic of China (Red China).
Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan, and US refuses to recognize PRC.
USSR and China are now both communist…scary!

15. Containment in Asia - Korea
During WWII, Korea was occupied by Japan.
At the end of the war Korea was divided (38th parallel) like Germany.
Soviets controlled North Korea and the US controlled the South.

16. Containment in Asia - Korea

17. Containment in Asia - Korea
1950 – North invades the South to unify both into one communist country.
Truman sends US troops and the Cold War gets Hot!
Our Containment Policy!
UN approves “police action”

18. Containment in Asia - Korea
General Douglas MacArthur took command and drove the North Koreans past the 38th parallel and up to China (Yalu River).
Bonus Army
“I shall return” - WWII

19. Containment in Asia - Korea
Truman & MacArthur disagree over war strategy.
MacArthur – use the A-bomb on China
Truman – I’m the commander and chief and it’s time for you to “retire”
MacArthur – “old soldiers never die, they just fade away”
Bottom line: A civilian is the head of U.S. military.

20. Containment in Asia - Korea
1952 election – WWII hero, Dwight Eisenhower, promises an end to the Korean Conflict.
He’s elected, and in 1953 he delivers on his campaign promise – a cease fire/truce is signed keeping the division right around the 38th parallel (where it remains today).
Containment was successful (again!)

22. Cold War at Home New Red Scare (unlike the 20’s)
No longer imagined
Stalin was real, ruthless, ambitious, dangerous
USSR had an A-bomb
Berlin issue
China had fallen
Korean War was fought
Many Americans feared communism taking us over U.S. from within (spies, subversion, radicals)

23. Cold War at Home
HUAC
House Republicans accused the Democrats (FDR, Truman) of being soft on communists.
They formed a new congressional committee to investigate any communist activities (House Un-American Activities Committee).
Specifically attacked the Movie Industry (Hollywood 10) – the start of the “witch hunts”
Assisted by FBI (Director J. Edgar Hoover)
Blacklists, violation of civil liberties

24. Cold War at Home Truman’s Loyalty Review Boards 1947
In response to the Republican’s HUAC, Truman investigated gov’t employees with the Loyalty Review Boards.
Robert Oppenheimer was found to be “loyal” but his security clearance was removed from the work he did on the Manhattan Project.

25. Cold War at Home Alger Hiss Case – 1948
Former advisor to FDR was charged with having been a communist spy during the 1930’s.
Accused by Whittaker Chambers (former Communist Party member).
He produced the “pumpkin papers” to prove it.
Prosecuted by Representative Richard Nixon (R,CA).
Hiss was convicted of perjury.
Added more weight to the Republican charges against the Democrats.

26. Alger Hiss Case
Alger Hiss
Richard Nixon
Whittaker Chambers

27. Cold War at Home The Rosenbergs
In 1950, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets during WWII.
They were found guilty of espionage and executed in 1953.
Gave way to McCarthyism…

28. Cold War at Home McCarthyism
With the Red Scare in full bloom, this young Republican Senator from Wisconsin began accusing members of the State Department (foreign relations) of being communist.
“205 known communists”

29. Cold War at Home “McCarthyism”
Term for a high ranking gov’t official making bold accusations.
He was taken very seriously.
He violated people’s rights.
0 Convictions
No evidence

30. Cold War at Home McCarthyism
in he went after the Army (Army-McCarthy Hearings).
“Have you no decency sir!?”
He was finally seen as a bully; lost credibility.
McCarthyism is now synonymous with false accusations.

31. Cold War at Home