1. IV. Europe split between identity fractions and a strong desire for unity
Centripetal and Centrifugal forces working simultaneously
45-50 States in Europe (depending on definition)
Europe = the most fragmented continent on earth

2. Nations asserting recognition of their national sovereignty on a cultural basis
Trend increased in last 20 yrs breaking up of empires and Federations (e.g. USSR, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia)

3. Balkans & East vast movements of national religious groups recomposing
New states &
borders
emerging

4. French and Dutch divisions
Some members witnessed their national unity challenged (e.g. Belgium, UK, Italy, Spain) due to weight of internal divisions
French and Dutch divisions
Basque Separatists
Scotland Referendum 2014

6. Map 1:
How many devolutionary pressures can you name?
Devolution: the transfer of power from the central government to sub-governments

7. Euro pessimists vs. Euro optimists

8. C. Case Study : The UK and Brexit