1. Kaitlyn Beiler and Sierra Giranda
Organic Chemistry Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
Kaitlyn Beiler and Sierra Giranda

2. The Formation of bonds with carbon
Carbon has 6 electrons total with 2 in the first electron shell and 4 in the second shell.
Having 4 valence electrons in a shell that holds 8, carbon would have to donate or accept 4 electrons to complete its valence shell and become an ion.

3. When carbon forms four single covalent bonds, the arrangement of its four hybrid orbitals causes the bonds to angle toward the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron.
When two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, all bonds around those carbons are in the same plane.

4. Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen are the four major components of organic molecules and are the basis for the rules of covalent bonding in organic chemistry.
A carbon atom can also use one or more valence electrons to form covalent bonds to other carbon atoms, linking the atoms into chains of seemingly infinite variety.

5. Molecular diversity arising from variation in carbon skeletons
Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules.
Skeletons vary in length and may be straight, branched, arranged in close rings, and may vary in location and number.
Carbon skeletons are one important source of the molecular complexity and diversity that characterize living matter.

8. Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.
Hydrocarbons are the major components of petroleum, which is called a fossil fuel because it consists of the partially decomposed remains of organisms that lived long ago.
Fat molecules have long hydrocarbon tails attached to a non- hydrocarbon component.
Hydrocarbons undergo reactions that release a relatively large amount of energy.
The gasoline that fuels a car consists of hydrocarbons and the hydrocarbon tails of fat molecules serve as stored fuel for animal bodies.

9. Isomers—compounds that have the same umber of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties
Three types: structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers.

10. Structural Isomers
Differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms and location of double bonds

11. Geometric Isomers
Have the same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their spatial arrangements
Differences arise from inflexibility of double bonds
Single bonds allow atoms to rotate freely without changing the compound, double bonds do not.
Subtle difference in shape can dramatically affect biological activities of organic molecules

12. Enantiomers --Isomers that are mirror images of each other
Designated the L (Latin for left) and D (Latin for right) isomers.
In a way, enantiomers are the left-handed and right-handed versions of molecules
Concept important in pharmaceutical industry because two enantiomers of a drug may not be equally effective or can produce harmful effects
E.g. Thalidomide drug prescribed to women in the late 1950s
Demonstrates the sensitivity of organisms to variations in molecular architecture