1. IT Infrastructure and Emerging Technologies
Cost-effective,
Efficient,
Energy-saving
Computing

2. Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)
Public transit system
San Francisco, Oakland, California

3. Goal: Fast, reliable transportation
346,000 passengers each day
台北捷運 -- 1,601,655 per day
高雄捷運 ,000 per day
Recently, ambitious modernization effort
Overhaul stations
New rail cars
New information technology infrastructure

4. Old New Legacy mainframe applications
Oracle’s PeopleSoft Enterprise application
HP Integrity blade servers
Oracle Enterprise Linux operating system
Grid Computing

5. Results Rapid information to support timely decisions
More reliable to support 24/7 operations
Fewer servers
Virtualization
Less energy used

7. 5.1 IT Infrastructure
5.2 Infrastructure Components
5.3 Contemporary Hardware Platform Trend
5.4 Contemporary Software Platform Trend
5.5 Management Issue

8. 5.1 IT Infrastructure The shared technology resources
Provide the platform for the firm’s specific information system applications
Microsoft Operating Systems – Infrastructure
Services or products built on MS operation systems
Word, Powerpoints, Excel, ….
Internet Explorer
.Net

9. One-Stop shopping
Low cost
Highest quality
Operational excellence
New products & services
Customer & supplier intimacy
Better decision making
survival
Software
Hardware

10. IT infrastructure A set of Required to operate the entire enterprise
Physical devices
Software applications
Required to operate the entire enterprise

11. IT infrastructure Set of firmwide services including:
Computing platforms providing computing services
Telecommunications services
Data management services
Application software services
Physical facilities management services
IT management, standards, education, research and development services

12. IT infrastructure
“Service platform” perspective is more accurate view of the value of IT investments

13. Evolution of IT infrastructure
Five stages
Different configuration of computing power and infrastructure elements.

14. General-Purpose Mainframe and Minicomputer ERA: (1959 – Present)
IBM 360
Online remote terminals
Centralized mainframe
Proprietary communication protocol

15. Minicomputer Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) 1965
PDP 11, VAX machine
Powerful machines at far low prices
Decentralized computing

16. Personal Computer Era: (1981 to present)
Xerox Alto, Apple I and II (1970s)
Wintel PC
Windows operating software
Intel microprocessor
Productivity software tools
Word processing, spreadsheets, presentation software

17. 3. Client/Server Era (1983 to Present)
Clients: Laptop and desktop
Server: Powerful server computers
Stores shared data
Serves Web pages
Managing network activities

18. Network may be two-tiered or multitiered (N-tiered)
Various types of servers (network, application, Web)

19. 4. Enterprise Computing Era (1992 to present)
TCP/IP (1995)
Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
Integrate disparate network and applications
Link different types of computer hardware

21. 5. Cloud and Mobile Computing Era (2000 to present)
Growing bandwidth power of the Internet
Client/server model
Cloud Computing
Access to a shared pool of computing resources
Computers, storage, applications, services
Accessed on an as-needed basis
IBM, HP, Dell, Amazon
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
Software as a Service
Google, Microsoft, SAP, Oracle, Salesforce.com

23. Technology driver of infrastructure evolution
Moore’s law and Microprocessing power
The power of microprocessors doubles every 18 months
Computing power doubles every 18 months
The price of computing falls by half every 18 months

26. The Law of Mass Digital Storage
The amount of digital information is roughly doubling every year

28. Metcalfe’s law and network Economics
The value or power of a network
Grows exponentially as a function of the number of networked members
cp. 邊際效益遞減

29. Declining Communications costs and the Internet
Utilization of communication and computing facilities explodes

30. Standards and Network Effects
Proprietary and expensive infrastructure
Technology standards
Ethernet
enabled PCs to connect together in small LAN
TCP/IP
enabled LAN to be connected to Internet
Economies of scale
Decline of computing cost

31. 5.1 IT Infrastructure
5.2 Infrastructure Components
5.3 Contemporary Hardware Platform Trend
5.4 Contemporary Software Platform Trend
5.5 Management Issue

32. 5.2 Infrastructure Components
IT Infrastructure has 7 main components
Computer hardware platforms
Operating system platforms
Enterprise software applications
Data management and storage
Networking/telecommunications platforms
Internet platforms
Consulting system integration services

33. 1. Computer Hardware Platform
Client machines
Intel, AMD microprocessors
Server market
Intel, AMD blade server in rack
Sun SPARC
IBM POWER chips

34. Top hardware manufacturer Top chip producers Mainframe
IBM, HP, Dell, Sun Microsystems
Top chip producers
Intel, AMD, IBM
Mainframe
IBM
Giant server for massive enterprise network and corporate Web sites
Equivalent to thousands of small blade servers

35. 2. Operating System Platform
Server operating systems
Microsoft: 75%
Unix/Linux: 25%
Client operating systems
Microsoft Windows operating systems
Google Chrome OS: lightweight operating system for cloud comp
Windows Azure
Android
IOS

36. 3. Enterprise Software Applications
SAP
Oracle
Middleware: BEA
Linking existing systems to Enterprise Applications
Microsoft

37. 4. Data Management and Storage
Leading database software
IBM DB2
Oracle
Microsoft SQL Server
Sybase
MySQL
Physical data storage
EMC
Storage area networks (SAN)
Connect multiple storage devices on a separate high-speed network

38. 5. Networking/Telecommunications Platform
Local area network operating systems
Windows
Linux and Unix
Unix: large wide area networks
TCP/IP: wide area network
Leading hardware
Cisco
Alcatel-Lucent
Nortel
Juniper Network 華為

39. 6. Internet Platform Internet hardware server
IBM, Dell, HP/Compaq
Web software applications development tools
Microsoft
MS Expression Web, SharePoint Designer, .NET
Oracle-Sun
Java
Adobe

40. 7. Consulting and System Integration Service
Even a large firm
Does not have the staff, the skills, the budget, and the necessary experience
To deploy and maintain its entire IT infrastructure
Leading consulting firm
Accenture, IBM Global Service, HP Enterprise Service, Infosys, Wipro Technology
Software Integration
Ensuring legacy systems works with new Infrastructure

41. 5.1 IT Infrastructure
5.2 Infrastructure Components
5.3 Contemporary Hardware Platform Trend
5.4 Contemporary Software Platform Trend
5.5 Management Issue

42. 5.3 Contemporary Hardware Trend
Emerging mobile digital platform
Grid computing
Virtualization
Cloud computing
Green computing
High performance/power-saving processors
Autonomic computing

43. 1. The emerging mobile digital platform
Cell phones, smartphones (BlackBerry, iPhone)
Have assumed data transmission, Web surfing, and IM duties
Netbooks:
Small, low-cost lightweight notebooks optimized for wireless communication and core computing tasks
Tablets (iPad)
Networked e-readers (Kindle)

44. 2. Grid computing 3. Virtualization
Connects geographically remote computers into a single network to combine processing power and create virtual supercomputer
Provides cost savings, speed, agility
3. Virtualization
Allows single physical resource to act as multiple resources (i.e., run multiple instances of OS)
Reduces hardware and power expenditures
Facilitates hardware centralization

45. 4. Cloud computing
On-demand (utility) computing services obtained over network
Infrastructure as a service
Platform as a service
Software as a service
Cloud can be public or private
Allows companies to minimize IT investments
Drawbacks: Concerns of security, reliability

46. 5. Green computing 6. Autonomic computing
Practices and technologies for manufacturing, using, disposing of computing and networking hardware
Reducing computer power consumption
6. Autonomic computing
Industry-wide effort to develop systems
that can configure, heal themselves
when broken, and protect themselves from outside intruders
self-updating antivirus software;
Apple and Microsoft both use automatic updates

47. 7. High performance, power-saving processors
Multi-core processors
Simultaneous processing of multiple tasks
Reduced power consumption
Highly power-efficient microprocessor
ARM (Advanced RISC Machine)
Apple’s A4
Intel’s Atom

48. 5.1 IT Infrastructure
5.2 Infrastructure Components
5.3 Contemporary Hardware Platform Trend
5.4 Contemporary Software Platform Trend
5.5 Management Issue

49. 5.4 Contemporary Software Trend
Linux and open-source software
Open-source software: Produced by community of programmers, free and modifiable by user
Linux: Open-source software OS
Software for the Web
Java:
Object-oriented programming language
Operating system, processor-independent
Ajax
Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
Allows client and server to exchange small pieces of data without requiring the page to be reloaded

51. Web services & Service-oriented architecture
Software components that exchange information using Web standards and languages
XML: Extensible Markup Language
More powerful and flexible than HTML
Tagging allows computers to process data automatically
SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol
Rules for structuring messages enabling applications to pass data and instructions
WSDL: Web Services Description Language
Framework for describing Web service and capabilities
UDDI: Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration
Directory for locating Web services

52. SOA: Service-oriented architecture
Set of self-contained services that communicate with each other to create a working software application
Software developers reuse these services in other combinations to assemble other applications as needed
Example: an “invoice service” to serve whole firm for calculating and sending printed invoices
Dollar Rent A Car
Uses Web services to link online booking system with Southwest Airlines’ Web site

54. Software outsourcing and cloud services
Three external sources for software:
Software packages and enterprise software
Software outsourcing (domestic or offshore)
Domestic:
Primarily for middleware, integration services, software support
Offshore:
Primarily for lower level maintenance, data entry, call centers, although outsourcing for new-program development is increasing

55. Three external sources for software (cont.)
Cloud-based software services
Software as a service (SaaS)
Accessed with Web browser over Internet
Ranges from free or low-cost services for individuals to business and enterprise software
Users pay on subscription or per-transaction
E.g. Salesforce.com
Service Level Agreements (SLAs): formal agreement with service providers

57. Software outsourcing and cloud services (cont.)
Mashups
Combinations of two or more online applications, such as combining mapping software (Google Maps) with local content
Apps
Small pieces of software that run on the Internet, on your computer, or on your cell phone
iPhone, BlackBerry, Android
Generally delivered over the Internet

58. 5.1 IT Infrastructure
5.2 Infrastructure Components
5.3 Contemporary Hardware Platform Trend
5.4 Contemporary Software Platform Trend
5.5 Management Issue

59. Dealing with platform and infrastructure change
As firms shrink or grow, IT needs to be flexible and scalable
Scalability:
Ability to expand to serve larger numbers of users
Flexibility
Mobile computing and cloud computing
New policies and procedures for managing these new platforms
Contractual agreements with firms running clouds and distributing software required

60. Management and governance
Who controls IT infrastructure?
How should IT department be organized?
Centralized
Central IT department makes decisions
Decentralized
Business unit IT departments make own decisions
How are costs allocated between divisions, departments?

61. Making wise infrastructure investments
Amount to spend on IT is complex question
Rent vs. buy, outsourcing
Total cost of ownership (TCO) model
Analyzes direct and indirect costs
Hardware, software account for only about 20% of TCO
Other costs:
Installation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructure, downtime, space and energy
TCO can be reduced
through use of cloud services, greater centralization and standardization of hardware and software resources

62. Competitive forces model for IT infrastructure investment
Market demand for firm’s services
Firm’s business strategy
Firm’s IT strategy, infrastructure, and cost
Information technology assessment
Competitor firm services
Competitor firm IT infrastructure investments