1. Analgesic effectiveness of caudal levobupivacaine and ketamine
B.G. Locatelli, G. Frawley, A. Spotti, P. Ingelmo, S. Kaplanian, B. Rossi, L. Monia, V. Sonzogni 
British Journal of Anaesthesia 
Volume 100, Issue 5, Pages (May 2008)
DOI: /bja/aen048
Copyright © 2008 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
Incidence of postoperative pain and distress with caudal solutions of levobupivacaine and ketamine. CHIPPS score of ≤3 described mild or no pain, 4–6 moderate, and ≥7 severe pain. A CHIPPS score of ≥4 at wakeup or up to 360 min after caudal block was treated with supplemental analgesia.
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /bja/aen048)
Copyright © 2008 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
Results of Kaplan–Meier survival analysis are displayed as survival curves for the three caudal solutions. Mantel-Cox (log-rank) test was used to compare the rate of requirement for additional analgesia in the study with the rate of expected requirements for additional analgesia if all groups had received equally effective caudal analgesia. Group 1 (0.15% levobupivacaine with 0.5 mg kg−1 ketamine) was significantly different (P=0.05) to Group 2 (0.175% levobupivacaine with 0.5 mg kg−1 ketamine) but not Group 3 (0.2% levobupivacaine) (P=0.27). There was no significant difference between Group 2 and Group 3 (P=0.15).
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /bja/aen048)
Copyright © 2008 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions

4. Fig 3
Incidence of residual motor block with caudal solutions of levobupivacaine or ketamine levobupivacaine. Residual motor block is defined as Bromage score of greater than one at wakeup or up to 180 min after caudal block.
British Journal of Anaesthesia  , DOI: ( /bja/aen048)
Copyright © 2008 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions