1. Facts and fiction surrounding the discovery of the venous valves
Anke H. Scultetus, MD, J.Leonel Villavicencio, MD, FACS, Norman M. Rich, MD, FACS, 
Journal of Vascular Surgery 
Volume 33, Issue 2, Pages (February 2001)
DOI: /mva
Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Charles Estienne first mentioned the venous valves in his book De Dissectione Corporis Humani Libri Tres , which was published in
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /mva )
Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Jacques Sylvius, Parisian teacher of Vesalius, described venous valves in the veins of the lower extremities.28 Reprinted with permission from Major R. A history of medicine, Courtesy of Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Ltd, Springfield, Ill.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /mva )
Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente, professor of anatomy at the University of Padua.10
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /mva )
Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
The auditorium of the University of Padua. Fabricius ab Aquapendente publicly demonstrated the venous valves in human cadaver dissections.28 Reprinted with permission from Major R. A history of medicine, Courtesy of Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Ltd, Springfield, Ill.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /mva )
Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 5
The first drawings of a venous valve by Salomon Alberti, published in
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /mva )
Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions