1. Iñaki Merino Albaina MSc Program: Media & Knowledge Engineering Daily supervisors: drs. L.H.T.E. Yamane dr. ir. M.H. Vastenburg SCID group Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering Supervisor: dr. ir. C.A.P.G. van der Mast MMI group Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

2. Independent@Home Introduction Physical Activity for older adults Persuasive Technology Limitations of the elderly using technology Discussion Conclusions Questions

3. Goal: To develop context- aware infrastructures for home environments that can provide supporting services for elderly

4. Fact: Progressive aging of world population Problem: For the economy and public health it is necessary to encourage healthy physical activity among the elderly. Our approach:A new home-based context-aware service to motivate seniors to exercise. The essence: Using technology to persuade people to do something.

5. In which way could existing persuasive principles, in combination with context-aware systems, be applied to motivate elderly individuals to do exercise?

6. Traditionally:Specific exercises, mainly at health care facilities, 2-3 times a week Recent trends:Simple day-to-day activities, familiar setting, daily basis.

7. Any interactive computing system designed to change peoples attitudes or behaviours Advantages: Persistent, anonymous, ubiquitous Roles:

8. Social psychology Observation Social facilitation Social comparison Social learning Competition, Cooperation, and Recognition Reciprocity Authority and Credibility Social psychology Observation Social facilitation Social comparison Social learning Competition, Cooperation, and Recognition Reciprocity Authority and Credibility Individual motivation theory Goal-setting Self-monitoring Operant conditioning Consistency Intrinsic motivation Individual motivation theory Goal-setting Self-monitoring Operant conditioning Consistency Intrinsic motivation Activity related strategies Value integration Convenience Simplicity and Reduction Kairos and Suggestion Activity related strategies Value integration Convenience Simplicity and Reduction Kairos and Suggestion

9. A system is context-aware if it uses context to provide relevant information and/or services to the user, where relevancy depends on the users task. ApplicationsServices Storage/Management Data Processing (Middleware Platforms) Pre-processing Raw data retrieval SensorsData Collection Activity-awareness can provide the key to know when and how to approach the user (e.g. smart homes). Example system framework:

10. Elderly: 65+ Limitations: Cognitive issues Memory Language comprehension Visual attention Procedural knowledge Multitasking Cognitive issues Memory Language comprehension Visual attention Procedural knowledge Multitasking Motion Problems Motion Problems Perception problems Vision Audition Perception problems Vision Audition

11. Finding appropriate PA Persuasive principles recipe? Finding a medium adapted to limitations of the users Simple day-to-day activities, familiar setting, daily basis ?

12. Routine activities such as cooking, vacuuming, and climbing home stairs could be part of an easy-to-follow PA program It is difficult to measure the physical expenses There is a lack of evidenced support by physicians Walking seems to be optimal Easy to measure (accelerometers, pedometers) Recommended to almost all types of individuals Excellent training for endurance, strength, and flexibility

13. Self-monitoring and goal-setting Positive reinforcement (e.g. points or money) Social psychology: observation, competition, cooperation, recognition.

14. A game consisting in performing certain amount of exercise everyday. Keeps the engagement and takes the users mind off of negative aspects of physical exercise Intrinsic motivation (personal challenge) Allows competition or collaboration Positive reinforcement (e.g. points, prices)

15. An agent-based application that assists the individuals to complete the exercise program. Assistive approach Supports goal-setting and self-monitoring As a social actor, might be perceived by users as more friendly, familiar and reliable Could be locally or remotely supervised by real physicians

16. A simple activity meter that displays the amount of exercise that users do. Less intrusive approach (mainly informative) Especially suitable for those users concerned about privacy Simplest interface

17. Day-to-day activities are optimal to design an easy-to- follow exercise plan for elderly individuals. Walking is a very appropriate activity since it is widely recommended and it is easy to measure. Past products showed that persuasive principles from individual motivation theory (e.g. goal setting, self- monitoring, operant conditioning) and social psychology (e.g. validation and comparison) are highly suitable to promote physical activity.

18. Although it is possible to find PT products to stimulate physical activity in the market, none of them is adapted to the limitations of older adults. This study has presented different approaches to deliver PT products to stimulate physical activity among seniors, but it is still to be proven to what extent they can succeed to modify the behaviour towards exercise.