1. Developing Paragraphs
Chapter 4
Developing Paragraphs

2. Chapter IV. Developing Paragraphs
Effective paragraphs
Unity (thought)
Coherence (content)
Transition (form)

3. Unity (thought)
Topic sentence

4. Coherence (content) Five ways to improve the coherence
1. the use of parallel constructions
2. the use of repetition
3. the use of pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences
4. being consistent in the person and number of nouns and pronouns, the tense of verbs
5. the use of transitional expressions

5. Transition (form)
表添加： and, again, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what’s more, further
表时间：afterwards, later, earlier, subsequently, at the same time, simultaneously, immediately, meanwhile, in the meantime, formerly, presently, shortly, then, etc.

6. 表对比：but, however, nevertheless, instead, by (in) contrast, in spite of this, on the one hand, … on the other hand, for one thing, … for another, on the contrary
表举例：as an illustration, for example, for instance, To make it clear,… may serve as a good illustration. We may take … as an example, A good case in point is…
To illustrate this point, let us consider…

7. 表归纳：to sum up, In short (brief), In a word, In conclusion, To conclude
From what has been discussed above, we may safely come to the conclusion that…
Taking into account all the facts concerned, we can say that…
Judging from all the evidence available, we may draw the conclusion that…

8. 表因果：therefore, thus, hence, as a result, accordingly, consequently
表让步： of course, to be sure, to tell the truth, certainly, naturally, no doubt
表重复：as I have said, in other words, to repeat

9. Examples:
Television presents a colorful world in front of us. First, it shows us what it is happening throughout the world. Second, it presents us world famous scenic spots and wonders. Third, it entertains us with colorful sports, music and other TV programs. In one word, sitting before a TV is the same as traveling around the world.

10. Elements of a Paragraph:
Topic Sentence
Supporting (Development) Sentences
Concluding Sentence

11. Examples:
My father is very strict with his children, especially me. He will not let me out of the house unless I have done all my homework. frankly, I do not care whether I go to school or not. There are not any good jobs, anyway. My mother does not agree with my father. They quarrel a lot.

12. Ways of Developing a Paragraph
Development by Time (chronological order)
Development by Process (logical order)
Development by Space (spatial order)
Development by Example (induction\deduction) (general/specific)

13. How to arrange the details:
Developing by Time
(Time Order)

14. 1.The invention of the transistor completely changed the electronics industry.
2.By Mid-December 1947 they had a transistor, a solid-state amplifier that worked.
3.On June 30, 1948, they showed one use of the transistor, a working radio that didn’t have any tubes.
4.In January 1946 Bell Laboratory formed a special group of scientists to invent a new use for semiconductors.

15. Development by analogy, Comparison and Contrast (alternating/block)
Development by Cause and Effect
Development by Classification
Development by definition

16. assignment
Write a paragraph using the following as the topic sentence
I remember the day when…