1. Scientific Tools and Procedures

2. A Common Measurement System Le Syste’me International d’Unite’s (or SI)

3. A Common Measurement System

4. A Common Measurement System

5. A Common Measurement System

6. Analyzing Biological Data Models

7. Analyzing Biological Data : Models

8. Models

9. Models (Weather)

10. Models
Models are very useful in making predictions They are also very useful when time and size are prohibitive for direct observation.

11. Computers

12. Graphs

13. Graphs

14. Graphs

15. Satellites

16. Microscopes (Compound/Light)
Provides easy and relatively inexpensive observation of objects too small for the unaided eye.
Good for magnification up to about 1000x.
Objects smaller in dimension than the smallest visible wavelength of light are invisible to the unaided eye and cannot be resolved by light microscope.
Useful in viewing live specimens.
Color can often be seen.
Dies and stains often used to aid in observation.
Video cameras can be used as well.
Stereo (dissection) microscopes also show dimension, although they do not usually magnify as highly as conventional compound microscopes.

17. Electron Microscopes
SEM (scanning electron microscope) extremely high detail
TEM (transmission electron microscope) can resolve smaller subjects
Produce electron micrographs
Specimen must be dead and prepared in order to be imaged
Able to detect much smaller structures than the light microscope
Artifacts (human caused changes/alterations) possible thus making authenticity of image somewhat questionable in some cases

18. Electron Microscopes

19. Electron Microscopes

20. T.E.M.

21. T.E.M micrograph of polio virus and cell cross section

22. Electron Microscopes

23. S.E.M.

24. S.E.M. Micrograph (pollen grains)

25. S.E.M Micrograph (bluebottle fly maggot head)

26. Laboratory Techniques: Cell Cultures

27. Cell Culture

28. Cell Fractionation

29. Centrifuge

30. Centrifuge

31. Lab Safety: Pay attention to instructions. Use common sense.
Ere on the side of caution.
Keep goggles on when goggles are necessary.
Stop and listen when the teacher calls for your attention.
Did I say to use common sense?