1. Atoms, Molecules, and Cells Christine Mingus

2. The Basics of the Basics
ATOM: all matter is made up of atoms, which are so small that they can be seen only through powerful microscopes.
Atoms of different elements differ in the # of electrons and protons they have, and this affects their mass.
Atoms combine to form elements.
ELEMENT: one atom of an element is the smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element.
Each atom of an element is alike in having the same # of protons in its nucleus – this # is the element’s atomic number.

3. The Basics of the Basics
MOLECULE: Two or more atoms that are held together.
Two atoms of the same element can join together to form a molecule of that element
Molecules are always in motion in each of the three states of matter, and the speed of the molecules determines the matter’s state:
Gas: molecules spread far apart/moving fast/ bouncing off one another
Solid: molecules packed close together/ barely moving
Liquid: molecules move freely around each other

4. The Basics of the Basics
CELL: The word cell comes from the Latin word cellula, meaning “a small room.”
It is the functional basic unit of all life
There are two types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are usually independent (like bacteria) while eukaryotic cells are often found in multicellular organisms (like in humans).

5. Atoms are the basic building blocks that make up matter.
What is an ATOM?
Atoms are the basic building blocks that make up matter.
The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons.
The electrons of an atom are bound to the nucleus by the electromagnetic force.
Likewise, a group of atoms can remain bound to each other, forming a molecule.

6. Atomic Info!
Atoms can only be observed individually using special instruments such as the scanning tunneling microscope.
Over 99.9% of an atom's mass is concentrated in the nucleus, with protons and neutrons having roughly equal mass.
Atoms of the same element have the same # of protons, called the ATOMIC NUMBER.
The electrons in an atom are attracted to the protons in the nucleus by electromagnetic force.
A chemical element is a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its nucleus. All chemical matter consists of these elements. Common examples of elements are iron, copper, silver, gold, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.

7. Molecules
A molecule is an electrically neutral group of at least two atoms held together by covalent chemical bonds (the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons)
A molecule may consist of atoms of a single chemical element, as with oxygen (O2), or of different elements, as with water (H2O).
Molecules as components of matter are common in organic substances (and therefore biochemistry). They also make up most of the oceans and atmosphere.

8. Cell Parts and Functions
Cell Wall: Made of a tough substance called cellulose, which supports the cell.
Cell Membrane: Controls what substances can get into and out of the cell.
Nucleus: Controls what happens inside the cell.
Chloroplasts: Where photosynthesis happens – chloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll.
Vacuole: Provides storage of waste.
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance, where chemical reactions happen. In plant cells there's a thin lining, whereas in animal cells most of the cell is cytoplasm.

9. Cell Parts

10. Animal Cell

11. Plant Cell

12. Cellular Comparison

13. Similarities/Differences

14. Mitosis
Mitosis is the simple duplication of a cell and all of its parts. It duplicates its DNA and the two new cells (daughter cells) have the same pieces and genetic code. Two identical copies come from one original. Start with one; get two that are the same.

15. PMATI
There are five (5) basic phases in the life-cycle of a cell. You should remember the term PMATI (pronounced PeeMahtEee). PMATI is the acronym for the phases of a cell's existence. It breaks down to: PROPHASE - METAPHASE - ANAPHASE - TELOPHASE - INTERPHASE