1. Black Codes
Read the handout regarding the Black Codes and answer the questions.
(1) What rules especially stand out to you?
(2) What would life look like for an African American in this kind of society or community?

2. Special Field Orders, No. 15 by General William Tecumseh Sherman
Confiscation of 400,000 acres land along Atlantic Coast, formerly belonging to white Southerners

3. Read pages 284, starting at “How to Reunite the Union,” to 287, taking notes upon the following …
Some questions (or issues) regarding reuniting the country?
African American hopes for equal citizenship …
Reconstruction Plans - President Lincoln, President Johnson, and Radical Republicans …
Radical Republicans

4. President Lincoln’s “Ten Percent Plan” (1863)
As soon as 10% of state’s voters took an oath of loyalty …
Abolish slavery

5. President Johnson’s Plan (1865)
10% loyalty oath by a Southern state’s population
Like Lincoln, favored a lenient approach towards the Southern states.

6. Radical Republican’s Plans
Major objectives:
(1) Prevent former Confederate leaders from regaining power
(2) Establish African Americans suffrage
(3) African Americans owning property

7. President Johnson vs. President Lincoln
Pardoned all white landowners
Johnson allows the Black Codes.
Ordered plantations returned to white Southerners
Vetoed …
Civil Rights Act of 1866.
14th Amendment.
President Lincoln
Believed in political justice and voting rights for African-Americans.
Created the Freedmen's Bureau.

8. Political Situation – Post Civil War

9. What is the central issue for many African Americans after gaining freedom?
Video #1: The Election of 1866
(Beginning – 4:30)

10. America in 1865-66 Memphis Riot of 1866 … New Orleans Riot of 1866 …
Congressional Election in 1866 …

11. Radical Republican’s Plans (continued)
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Abolishes the Black Codes, making these illegal in the Southern states
African Americans can own property and have to be treated equally in a court of law

12. Johnson Is Impeached
Command of the Army Act …
Office of Tenure Act …

13. Impeaching A President
Two-step Process …
[1] House of Representatives, simple majority …
[2] Senate, 2/3rds majority vote …

14. Military Reconstruction Act of 1867
[1] Five Districts with military occupation
[2] New state constitutions approved by U.S. Congress
Ratify 14th
Amendment
Guarantee
African American
suffrage
[3] Former
Confederates
cannot vote

15. President U.S. Grant,

16. Amendments 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Equal Citizenship
Right to Vote for African American males

17. Sharecropping What did this system look like?
(1:30 – 3:10)

18. African American Representation Achievements
Served in government as mayors, police chiefs, state representatives and in the United States Congress.
Blanche Bruce (1875 – 81)
Hiram Revels (1870 – 71)

19. How did the Era of Reconstruction End?
(1) White Southerner Intimidation
(2) Panic of 1873 & Economic problems
(3) Compromise of 1877 and loss of support from Northern Republicans
(4) Disenfranchisement of African Americans (1877 – 1890’s)

20. *** Rise of the Ku Klux Klan

21. Panic of 1873
Financial crisis that triggers a depression, lasting from 1873 to 1879.

22. Compromise of 1877
Contested election of Samuel Tilden (Democrat) and Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican).
Political agreement ends Reconstruction.

23. African Americans Disenfranchised
Poll Tax
“Good character clause”
Literacy test
Grandfather clause

24. Jim Crow Laws

25. African Americans Disenfranchised
From 1890 to 1908, Southern states passed new constitutions, constitutional amendments, and laws to disenfranchise African Americans.
Beginning of 1870’s, 100,000’s of African American are registered to vote in each state.
By the 1890’s, only 4,000 to 5,000 African Americans are registered to vote in each state.

26. What do these statistics and this story say about voter intimidation?
“It was in the state of Georgia, in 1946, that a young Negro veteran named Maceo Snipes learned that by the Supreme Court ruling he had a right to vote. No Negro had voted in his county since Reconstruction, but Maceo Snipes went down and registered. The following morning he was sitting on his porch and a white man came up and killed him with a shotgun. His funeral was held the next day and in the midst of the funeral oration, Maceo’s mother rose and moved up through the crowd, up to his coffin, where they waited to lower it into the earth.
And she asked her second son to come forth. He was 17. And she said to him, ‘Put your hand on this coffin, and swear on the body of your brother than when you get to be 21, you’re going down to the courthouse to do what he did — to vote.’ ”
- Henry Wallace
- Progressive Party Candidate for President
- “Radio Address,” September, 1948

27. Lynchings = Intimidation
Lynchings: By State and Race, *
State
White
Black
Total
Alabama 48
299
347
Arizona 31
Arkansas 58
226
284
California 41 2 43
Colorado 65 3 68
Delaware 1
Florida 25
257
282
Georgia 39
492
531
Idaho 20
Illinois 15 19 34
Indiana 33 14 47
Iowa 17
Kansas 35 54
Lynchings = Intimidation

28. Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882-1968 *
White
Black
Total
Kentucky 63
142
205
Louisiana 56
335
391
Maine 1
Maryland 2 27 29
Michigan 7 8
Minnesota 5 4 9
Mississippi 42
539
581
Missouri 53 69
122
Montana 82 84
Nebraska 52 57
Nevada 6
New Jersey
New Mexico 33 3 36
New York
North Carolina 15 86
101
North Dakota 13 16

29. Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882-1968 *
White
Black
Total
Ohio 10 16 26
Oklahoma 82 40
122
Oregon 20 1 21
Pennsylvania 2 6 8
South Carolina 4
156
160
South Dakota 27
Tennessee 47
204
251
Texas
141
352
493
Utah
Vermont
Virginia 17 83
100
Washington 25
West Virginia 28 48
Wisconsin
Wyoming 30 5 35
Total
1,297
3,446
4,743
*Statistics provided  by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute.