1. Chapter 13: The Sexual Body in Health and Illness
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2. The Sexual Body in Health and Illness
Living in our bodies: The quest for physical perfection
Alcohol, drugs, and sexuality
Sexuality and disability
Sexuality and cancer
Additional sexual health issues

3. Living in Our Bodies: The Quest for Physical Perfection
Sexual health - State of physical, emotional, mental and social well-being related to sexuality
Not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity
Requires a woman to feel at ease with the sight, feel, and smell of her vulva
Be comfortable with and aware of her breasts
Requires a man to accept his body, including his genitals
Be aware of physical sensations such as lower back pain or a feeling of congestion in his bladder

4. Eating Disorders
Behaviors and combinations that include compulsive overeating and compulsive overdieting
Traits
Low self-esteem
Perfectionism
Difficulty dealing with emotions
Unreasonable demands for self-control
Negative perceptions of self in relation to others
Fear of becoming fat
Lacks adequate skills for dealing with stress
Anorexia nervosa - Relentless pursuit of excessive thinness

5. Eating Disorders
Bulimia - Uncontrolled, often secret, overeating (binge eating)
The person tries to counteract by purging—fasting, excessive exercising or dieting, or using laxatives or diuretics
Binge eating disorder - Similar to bulimia except that there is no purging, excessive exercise, or fasting
Treatment strategies – Comprehensive treatment plan that involves:
Medical care and monitoring
Psychosocial intervention
Nutritional counseling
Possible medication

6. Body Image and Its Impact on Sexuality
Causes behind eating disorders are complex and interrelated
Genetic predisposition
Environmental triggers
Personal experience
Treatment is complex, prolonged, and multifaceted

7. Anabolic Steroids: A Dangerous Means to an End
Anabolic steroids - Synthetic version of the hormone testosterone
Used by bodybuilders and other athletes to enhance their strength and add bulk to their bodies
Adverse effects - Some irreversible
Sterility
Heart attacks
Strokes
Liver damage
Personality changes - The most common being pathological aggressiveness

8. Alcohol and Sexuality Alcohol use and sexuality
Belief that alcohol and sex go together reinforced by popular culture
Disinhibition - Phenomenon of activating behaviors that would normally be suppressed
Alcohol affects the ability of both men and women to become sexually aroused
Alcohol is associated with dangerous consequences such as unwanted sexual intercourse and sexual violence

9. Drugs and Sexuality Other drug use and sexuality
Aphrodisiacs - Substances that purport to increase sexual desire or improve sexual function
Most recreational drugs actually have the opposite effect

10. Alcohol, Drugs, and Sexuality
Marijuana
Amyl nitrate - Also known as “poppers”
Cantharides - Referred to as ‘Spanish fly’
LSD and other psychedelic drugs
Cocaine
Ecstasy
Methamphetamine - Referred to as ‘crystal’
Sextasy - Ecstacy + Viagra

11. Figure 1: Most Commonly Cited Drugs Used by a Sample of 18–39 Year-Olds Who Reported Ever Using a Drug to Improve Sexual Functioning

12. Sexuality and Disability - Physical Limitations and Changing Expectations
Many people are subject to sexually limiting conditions owing to
Congenital conditions, appearing at birth, such as cerebral palsy and Down syndrome
Spine injuries
Vision and hearing impairment
Chronic illness
Diabetes - Characterized by an excess of sugar in the blood and urine, due to a deficiency of insulin, a protein hormone
Cardiovascular disease
Arthritis
Developmental disabilities

13. The Sexual Rights of People With Disabilities
Sexual rights of persons with disabilities should be the same as those for persons without disabilities
Sexual expression
Privacy
Be informed about and have access to needed services
Choose one’s marital status
Whether to have or not have children
Make one’s own decisions and develop to one’s full potential

14. Sexuality and Cancer Types of tumors
Benign - Slow growing and remain localized
Malignant - Cancerous
Metastasis - Process by which the disease spreads from one part of the body to another, unrelated part

15. Figure 13. 3: Percentage of U. S
Figure 13.3: Percentage of U.S. Women Developing Breast Cancer Over 10-, 20-, and 30-Year Intervals, by Age

16. Women and Cancer Most lumps and bumps are benign conditions
Uterine fibroids
Ovarian cysts
Fibroadenomas of the breast
Factors influencing risk of developing a solid tumor that invades breast tissue:
Age
Genetic makeup
Lifetime exposure to estrogen
Risk is higher when the biological relationship of the affected relative is closer

17. Women and Cancer
No epidemiological data exist indicating that lesbian women are at increased risk for breast cancers
Detection
Mammography screening
Additional tests like magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI
More frequent exams
Early detection an important part of preventive care

18. Table 1: Screening Guidelines for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer: American Cancer Society and U.S. Preventative Services Task Force

19. Women and Cancer - Treatment
Some type of surgery to remove the primary tumor
Finding out whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm
Restoring the breast’s appearance
Relieving symptoms of advanced cancer

20. Figure 2: Types of Surgical Treatment for Breast Cancer

21. Common Breast Cancer Surgeries
Lumpectomy
The removal of only the breast lump and some normal tissue around it
Partial (segmental) Mastectomy
The removal of more of the breast tissue than with a lumpectomy
Simple or Total Mastectomy
Removal of the entire breast, but not the lymph nodes from under the arm or muscle tissue from beneath the breast
Modified Radical Mastectomy
Removal of the entire breast and some of the lymph nodes under the arm
Radical Mastectomy
Removal of the entire breast, lymph nodes, and chest wall muscles under the breast

22. Women and Cancer Sexual adjustment after treatment
Woman with breast cancer has worrisome concerns about her sexual identity and attractiveness
She may feel scarred and be fearful of rejection
Breast surgery or radiation does not physically decrease sexual desire in a woman
Breast reconstruction and breast implant surgery
Breast reconstruction of paramount interest to many women
May decrease feeling of pleasure from fondling the breast and nipple
May provide the woman with increased feelings of wholeness and attractiveness

23. Cervical Cancer and Cervical Dysplasia
Cervical dysplasia - A condition of the cervical epithelium
Considered a precancerous condition
Cervical cancer - More advanced and dangerous malignancy
Invasive cancer of the cervix
Detection - Pap test
Treatment
Biopsy - Surgical removal of tissue for diagnosis

24. Women and Cancer Ovarian cancer Uterine (endometrial) cancer
Hysterectomy - Surgical removal of the uterus
Oophorectomy - Removal of one or both ovaries, because of endometriosis, cysts, or tumors
Vaginal cancer

25. Men and Prostate Cancer
Risk factors
Aging
Family history
Being African American
High-fat diet
Obesity
Nationality
Detection
Urination issues (flow, control, frequency, pain)
Erection and ejaculation issues
Blood
Blood in urine or semen
Pain in lower back, pelvis or upper thighs

26. Men and Prostate Cancer
Prostate-specific antigen test - A blood test
Helps in diagnosing prostate cancer
Prostatic hyperplasia - When the prostate gland enlarges and blocks the flow of urine
Benign condition in which levels of prostate-specific antigen can be elevated
Treatments
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Hormone therapy
Chemotherapy

27. Table 2: Screening Guidelines for the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: American Cancer Society and U.S. Preventative Services Task Force

28. Men and Testicular Cancer
Detection
Testicular exam
Treatment
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Man’s fertility a major concern

29. Men and Penile Cancer Risk factors Treatment HPV infection Smoking
Having AIDS
Being treated for psoriasis with ultraviolet light
A drug called psoralen
Age
Treatment
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy

30. Men and Breast Cancer Risk factors Diagnosis Aging
Family history of breast cancer
Heavy alcohol use
Inheritance of BRCA2 gene mutation
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Radiation exposure
Liver disease
Physical inactivity and obesity
Estrogen treatment
Diagnosis
Clinical breast examination
Mammography
Ultrasound
Nipple discharge examination
Biopsy

31. Anal Cancer in Men and Women
Risk factors
Having numerous lifetime sex partners
History of receptive anal intercourse particularly under age 30
HIV infection
Smoking
Symptoms
Pain in the anal area
Change in the diameter of the stool
Abnormal discharge from the anus
Swollen lymph glands in the anal or groin areas
Bleeding

32. Anal Cancer in Men and Women
Treatment
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy

33. Additional Sexual Health Issues
Toxic shock syndrome - Caused by the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium
Vulvodynia - Chronic vulvar pain without an identifiable cause
Endometriosis - Growth of endometrial tissue (uterine lining) outward into the organs surrounding the uterus
Lesbian women’s health issues
Lesbian women at higher risk than other women for uterine, breast, cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancers
Prostatitis - Inflammation of the prostate gland

34. Final Thoughts Living in our bodies: The quest for physical perfection
Alcohol, drugs, and sexuality
Sexuality and disability
Sexuality and cancer
Additional sexual health issues