1. The Reformation and Counter Reformation
The 1500s

2. Loss of Church Power: Causes
Christian humanists criticized abuses of the Church
indulgences
worldly and secular
immorality
poorly educated

3. Event 10/ 31/ 17- Luther posted his 95 Theses
Point: Salvation though faith alone

4. Disputation of Dr. Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences
#21 “Therefore, those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that by the pope’s indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved.”
#35 “They preach no Christian doctrine who teach that contrition is not necessary in those who intend to buy souls out of purgatory to buy confessionalia.

5. Effect
pope and HRE mad
1520- Luther excommunicated and declared a heretic
1521- Edict of Worms- declared him an outlaw

6. Spread of Protestantism: Cause
Criticism of the Church continued
Groups disagree about salvation

7. John Calvin- Wrote his doctrine on Predestination
Protestant groups divided over salvation and other issues
Lutherans
Calvinists
Anabaptists…

8. Counter Reformation: 1545- Pope called the Council of Trent
To fix Church problems and prevent the spread of Protestantism

9. Effects: Confirmed faith AND works Bible AND Church authority
Actions to end criticism:
Inquisition- court to try and punish heresy
Index- list of books dangerous to the faith
Reform seminaries to train priests
Est. Jesuits to educate and re-convert

10. Political responses to the Reformation

11. Holy Roman Empire: Charles V- Holy Roman Emperor
Most powerful ruler in Europe
1534- Wars of Religion
To bring German princes back to the Church

12. Effect 1555- Peace of Augsburg
The religion of the prince is the religion of the people
Religious freedom for Lutherans

13. Peace of Augsburg, 1555
#15. In order to bring peace… let them (Lutherans) enjoy their religious belief… and complete religious harmony shall be obtained…
#16. Likewise…. let all the Princes who cling to the old religion (Catholics) live in absolute peace…
#17. However, all such as do not belong to the two above named religions shall not be included in the present peace, but be totally excluded from it.

14. France 1562-1589- EIGHT religious wars 1598- Edict of Nantes
Valois kings want France to be Catholic
EIGHT religious wars
1598- Edict of Nantes
Religious freedom for Huguenots
#6…. We… permit those of the Reformed Religion to live and… not be compelled to do anything contrary to their conscience…

15. England Henry VIII was excommunicated
Got a divorce from Catherine of Aragon cuz didn’t have a male heir/ no woman had ever controlled the throne

16. Event 1534- Act of Supremacy
The King’s Majesty is… the supreme head of the Church of England…

17. Effect Closed monasteries Seized Church’s wealth and land Catholics 
Decreased Church power

18. Cause 1558- Queen Mary died without an heir 1559- Act of Uniformity
Elizabeth I- Protestant
1559- Act of Uniformity
England officially protestant

19. England became a political problem to other nations
Effect
Church lost power
England became a political problem to other nations

20. Spain
Phillip II wanted all lands to be Catholic- continued the Inquisition

21. Event 1579- England aided Protestant rebellion in Netherlands
Philip II  with Elizabeth I
1588- Spanish Armada sent to begin invasion of England
Defeated by faster/ better armed ships and a storm at sea

22. Effect
Decreased power of Spain and Church
English dominated oceanic trade

24. Russia 1480- Mongols kicked out 1533- Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia
City states disorganized
1533- Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia
Created a law code
Expanded territory
Established a police state
Time of Troubles