1. Breast Feeding

2. At the end of this session Students should be able to :
Define Breast feeding
Describe :-
-The current World Health Organization recommendations on Breast feeding
-The advantages of Breast Feeding
-The factors that promote Breast feeding
Identify the Barriers to Breast feeding
Describe the current strategies to manage and promote Breast feeding.

3. Breast feeding definition
Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as an infant receiving only breast milk and no other liquids or solids except for drops or syrups consisting of vitamins, minerals, or medicines
Almost exclusive: Allows occasional tastes of other liquids, traditional foods, vitamins, medicines, etc.

4. Breast feeding definition
Full breastfeeding: Includes exclusive and almost exclusive.
Source; Interagency Group for Action on Breastfeeding (IGAB) Consortium

5. Current Recommendations
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life
followed by complementary foods while continuing breastfeeding for up to two years or beyond.[1] 
However, currently fewer than 40% of infants under six months of age are exclusively breastfed worldwide.[2]

6. What are the recommendations in Islam ?

7. Answer
In the Qur'an it is stated that a child should be breastfed if both parents agree:
Mothers may breastfeed their children two complete years for whoever wishes to complete the nursing ... And if you wish to have your children nursed by a substitute, there is no blame upon you as long as you give payment according to what is acceptable. (parts of Surat al-Baqarah 2:233)[3]
Islam has recommended breastfeeding for two years , either by the mother or a wet nurse.
Even in pre-Islamic Arabia children were breastfed, commonly by wet nurses.

8. Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005
Human milk is species-specific, and all substitute feeding preparations differ markedly from it, making human milk uniquely superior for infant feeding.”

9. Breastfeeding Infant Health Benefits
COLOSTRUM
Small amount for the immature digestive system
‘paints’ the digestive tract
Low fat for easy digestion
Contains mothers antibodies which boost infants’ immune system
Acts as a laxative to ease passage of meconium

10. Breastfeeding Infant Health Benefits
Lower risk of
Diarrhea
Constipation
Infections
-Ear, respiratory, meningitis, urinary tract
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Allergic diseases
Chronic digestive diseases
Juvenile onset diabetes
Adult obesity

11. Breastfeeding Infant Health Benefits
Provides immunologic protection while the infant’s immune system is maturing
Antimicrobial agents
Anti-inflammatory agents
Immunomodulating agents

12. Breastfeeding Infant Health Benefits
Preterm Infants
Decreased necrotizing enterocolitis
Decreased infection rates
Better able to tolerate feedings
Increased IQ rates
(Contains long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that help the infant’s brain develop – these are normally provided by the mother in late pregnancy, therefore preterm infants miss this)

13. Breastfeeding Mother Health Benefits
Less postpartum bleeding
More rapid uterine involution
Weight loss
Decreased premenopausal breast cancer rates
Decreased ovarian cancer rates
Lactation amenorrhea
-Should still use progesterone only contraceptives
-Combined contraceptives dry up milk

14. Breastfeeding Parent Benefits
Saves money
Saves time
Babies love it

15. BENEFITS OF BREASTFEEDING
Ecological:
-Saves resources
-No waste
-No refrigeration
-No manufacturing
-No bottles, cans
-No handling

16. BENEFITS OF BREASTFEEDING
For Society
-Smarter
-Healthier
-Less cost to healthcare system
-Stronger families

17. Social, Cultural and Health Problems that interfere with Breastfeeding
Breast Pathology
Flat/inverted nipples, breast reduction surgery that severed milk ducts, previous breast abscess, extremely sore nipples (cracked, bleeding, blisters, abrasions)
Hormonal pathology
Failure of lactogenesis, hypothyroidism
Overall health
Smoking, anemia, poor nutrition, depression
Psychosocial
Restrictive feeding schedules, mother without support system, not rooming in with baby, bottle supplementing when not medically required

18. Breastfeeding Barriers
Other
Previous breastfed infant who failed to gain weight well, perinatal complication (hemorrhage, infection).
Individual: Inadequate knowledge, embarrassment, negative perceptions
Interpersonal: Lack of support from partner and family
Institutional: Return to work or school, lack of workplace facilities, unsupportive health care environments
Community: discomfort about nursing in public
Policy: aggressive marketing by formula companies

19. Strategies for Management and Promotion of Breastfeeding
Prenatal care
-The discussion of breastfeeding during early prenatal care can positively effect a woman's likelihood to breastfeed her child. 
-the involvement of lactation consultants in the prenatal visits of low-income women increases the likelihood that they will breastfeed.

20. Peer support and counseling
-Peer support techniques can be used before, during, and after pregnancy to encourage exclusive breastfeeding, particularly among groups with low breastfeeding rates.
- Breastfeeding peer counselors, are women who have breastfed and provide information, support to mothers

21. Lactation consultants
-Lactation consultants are health care professionals whose primary goal is to promote breastfeeding and assist mothers with breastfeeding on an individualized or group basis.
They work in a variety of health care settings, including hospitals, private doctor's offices, and public health clinics.

22. Social marketing and media
-Social marketing has been shown to have an impact on women's decision to breastfeed their children.
women who are exposed to marketing that promotes breastfeeding are likely to breastfeed at higher rates.

23. Strategies for Management and Promotion of Breastfeeding Worldwide efforts
La Leche League
La Leche League International was founded in 1956 after breastfeeding rates in the United States dropped to about 20%.
-support and education for breastfeeding mother
-uses peer support groups in breastfeeding promotion
-supports the World Breastfeeding week and other promotion initiatives
Today, La Leche League has groups in all 50 states and many countries worldwide
Its goals include promoting understanding of breastfeeding as a part of child development and providing support and education for breastfeeding mothers

24. Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is an initiative of the World Health Organization and UNICEF that seeks to encourage initiation of breastfeeding among mothers who give birth to their children in hospitals.

25. World Breastfeeding Week
World Breastfeeding Week is an international initiative of the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action that seeks to promote exclusive breastfeeding
 Since 1992, it has been held each year from August 1 through August 7.

26. WHO and UNICEF Initiatives
-In addition to overseeing the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, the WHO and UNICEF have promoted breastfeeding on an international level.

27. Thank you

28. References
industryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding_promotion