1. Protein Synthesis What is it? Production of proteins
Where in the cell does it take place?
Hint: What are the “little factories”?
Ribosomes….!!!
What parts of our bodies are made of Protein?
Almost everything…
Nails
Hair
Muscles
Digestive enzymes
Hemoglobin in RBC’s

2. Amino Acids or AA

3. What is proteins? Amino Acids or AA Where can you find protein?
In food…
Meat
Cheeze
Eggs, etc…
Legumes – peas, beans
What is Protein made of?
Small building blocks called………..?
Amino Acids or AA

4. The DNA Code Chromosomes are made of DNA. Each chromosome contains
thousands of genes. The sequence of bases in a gene forms a
code that tells the cell what protein to produce.
In DNA Adenine (A) always pairs up with Thymine (T)
and Guanine (G) always pairs up with Cytosine (C)
In RNA Adenine (A) pairs up with Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T)

5. Amino Acids or AA About 20 Amino Acids exist in nature
Our bodies make some of the Amino Acids
These are called?
* Non-essential AA - there are 12
The rest of the Amino Acids we need
to get from food
* Essential AA – there are 8

7. Nucleic acids
There are 2 types of Nucleic acids in the Nucleus of the cell 1. DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid Master program, controls everything in the organism including production of Proteins 2. RNA – Ribonucleic Acid Helps DNA do its job There are 3 types of RNA: * Transfer RNA - tRNA * Messenger RNA - mRNA * Ribosomal RNA - rRNA

8. Transfer RNA or tRNA Transfer RNA or tRNA
Carries specific Amino acids from tRNA
Cytoplasm to Ribosomes Amino acid
Each Amino Acid has its own
The Anticodon matches up Anticodon
with the bases on the Codon
What is the Codon for this Anticodon?
A C G
U G C

9. Messenger RNA or mRNA In RNA there is no Thymine.
Adenine matches up with another base called Uracil
Example: A-U
Messenger RNA or mRNA -
Copies the coded message in DNA for specific proteins,
and carries that message from nucleus to Ribosomes,
where Protein Synthesis, or production of proteins
takes place.
What is the coded message?
It is called a Codon and is made of 3 Nitrogen bases
Each amino acid has a specific Codon
Example: AAU CCG ACG UAG etc.

10. tRNA unit

11. Codon What is it? Special 3 letter code for amino acids
Each code is made of 3 nitrogen bases
Example: AAU CCG ACG UAG etc.
Each Amino acids has its own specific code
mRNA carries the code or
“codon” for Amino Acids
from DNA to Ribosomes

12. Anticodon
tRNA carries the “anticodon” for Amino Acids from cytoplasm to Ribosomes
The ‘codon” and “anticodons”
match up in the Ribosomes
They keep matching up until protein is complete
A protein can be made from 10 to 1000’s of amino acids

13. How Cells Make Proteins
During protein synthesis, the cell uses information from a gene (DNA) on a chromosome to produce a specific protein.

14. How Cells Make Proteins

15. RNA helps DNA make proteins Proteins are made of Amino Acids or AA
Protein Synthesis
Production of proteins
RNA has the base Uracil (U) instead of Thymine
Uracil always matches up with Adenine
RNA helps DNA make proteins
Proteins are made of Amino Acids or AA
Messenger RNA or mRNA copies the code or 3 letter “codon”
for proteins from DNA
mRNA travels to Ribosomes

16. How Nitrogen bases combine to make the 3 letter code for Amino Acids

17. tRNA carries Amino acids from cytoplasm to Ribosomes
Codon: A 3 base combination for a specific Amino Acid Anticodon: A 3 base combination that matches with bases in Codon Example: Codon: AAC CGA Anticodon: UUG GCU
tRNA carries Amino acids from cytoplasm to Ribosomes
Each Amino acid has a specific 3 letter “anticodon”
mRNA “codon” matches up with tRNA “anticodon”
“codons’ and “anticodons” keep matching up until protein is complete and goes to do its job in cells and body

18. Protein Synthesis RNA Messenger RNA Transfer RNA includes functions to
Carry the message to the ribosome in the cytoplasm
Add amino acids to the growing protein
Copy the coded message from the DNA
Carry amino acids

19. Name:_________________ Group:_______ Date:_______ Protein Synthesis
RNA has the base Uracil (U) instead of Thymine
Uracil always matches up with Adenine

20. tRNA carries Amino acids from cytoplasm to Ribosomes
Codon: A 3 base combination for a specific Amino Acid Anticodon: A 3 base combination that matches with bases in Codon Example: Codon: AAC CGA Anticodon: UUG GCU
tRNA carries Amino acids from cytoplasm to Ribosomes
Each Amino acid has a specific 3 letter “anticodon”
mRNA “codon” matches up with tRNA “anticodon”
“codons’ and “anticodons” keep matching up until protein is complete and goes to do its job in cells and body

21. Codon: A 3 base combination for a specific Amino Acid Anticodon: A 3 base combination that matches with bases in Codon Example: Codon: AAC CGA Anticodon: UUG GCU