1. Association Between Variables Measured At Ordinal Level
Proportional Reduction in Error (PRE)
Computation of Gamma
Determining the Direction of Relationships

2. Association Between Variables Measured At Ordinal Level
Interpreting Association With Bivariate Tables: What Are the Sources of Civic Engagement in U.S. Society
Spearman's Rho(rs )
Testing the Null: Hypothesis of "No Association" With Gamma and Spearman's Rho

3. Prediction Rules for PRE
Predict the order of a pair of cases on a variable while ignoring their order on the other.
Predict the order on one variable while taking order on the other variable into account.

4. Computation of Gamma
Find the number of pairs of cases ranked the same on both variables.
Find the number of pairs of cases ranked differently.
Ignore all pairs of cases formed within the same row, column or cell.

5. Determining the Direction of Relationships
In a positive relationship, as scores on one variable increase (or decrease) scores on the other variables also increase (or decrease).
In a negative relationship, low scores on one variable are associated with high scores on the other and high scores with low scores.

6. Spearman’s Rho (rs)
An index of the strength of association between variables, ranging from 0 (no association) to +/-1.00 (perfect association).
Cases are ranked high to low on each variable.
The ranks are manipulated to produce the final measure.