1. CAUSES of confederation

2. Various Types of Causes
ECONOMIC
End of Preferential Tariffs and Reciprocity Treaty
POLITICAL
Ministerial Instability
MILITARY (POLITICAL)
Threat of military invasion from USA
End of Reciprocity Treaty

3. CAUSES OF CONFEDERATION
Economic

4. TYPES OF ECONOMIC POLICIES
FREE TRADE:
Free circulation of merchandise; no customs barriers to trade
Countries can freely trade with one another
PROTECTIONISM :
A policy designed to protect the national economy against foreign competition.
Taxes are imposed on all foreign imported products, making them more expensive to consumers
Preferential tariffs (taxes) are used to reduce the cost of trade between the mother country and her colonies .

5. Which type of policy was applied at the start of the British Regime?
Explain how you know this.

6. End of British Protectionist Policies
The Corn Laws:
Adopted in 1815, imposed a custom duty (tax) on foreign grain entering the British market.
Grain from colonies was privileged.
In 1846, these laws were repealed and so Canadian farmers had to compete with grain from countries around the world.
Navigation Acts:
A series of laws that kept foreign ships out of British ports and waters. This gave English merchants a monopoly on trade with colonies.
These laws were revoked in 1849, when London adopted free trade polices

7. How does the end of protectionism impact the Province of Canada?
Timeline of Economic Policies Identify and explain the type of Economic policy Practiced in each time period
How does the end of protectionism impact the Province of Canada?

8. End of Protectionism
British Protectionist policies began to end in 1846, and officially ended with the repeal of the Navigation Acts in 1849.
The end of protectionism meant that Canadian merchants had to compete with foreign countries.
Merchants in the Province of Canada were very unhappy when protectionism ended because they had profited from these policies.
As a result, trade between Britain and Canada decreased.

9. The Reciprocity Treaty (1854-1866)

10. The Reciprocity Treaty
A free trade agreement between Canada and the United States signed in 1854
This agreement allowed the Province of Canada and the United States to trade raw materials and agricultural products without having to pay customs duties.
Manufactured goods continued to be taxed

11. Causes of the Reciprocity Treaty
END OF BRITISH PROTECTIONISM
Britain ended the protectionist policies towards her colonies:
So, Canada turned to the United States, because they were geographically close and provided a growing market.
FREE TRADE WITH USA

12. According to these documents, What were Some consequences of the Reciprocity treaty??
2. Development of Canadian ports, like the Port of Montreal
1. Increased Trade between US and Province of Canada

13. CAUSES OF CONFEDERATION
POLITICAL

14. Political Parties in the Province of Canada
Le Parti Rouge
Liberal-Conservative (Tories)
Clear Grits
Le Parti Bleu

15. History of Québec and Canada

16. Demands for Representation by Population
As of 1850, the population of Upper Canada exceeded that of Lower Canada.
The English Speakers in Upper Canada were no longer happy with the equal number of representatives in Upper and Lower Canada.
The Liberal Party, led by George Brown, began to demand representation by population
Representation by Population: seats are given based on the size of the population. The territories with a larger population have more elected representatives in parliament, and vice-versa.
Why does the population of Canada-West surpass that of Canada-East?
After 1850, what change in opinion did Upper-Canada have towards the notion of equal representation? Why did this change occur?

17. Ministerial Instability
What does it mean??

18. Ministerial Instability
Between , the parliament of Canada had a serious problem: 10 minority governments in 10 years
This ministerial instability resulted from the principle of DOUBLE MAJORITY: to stay in power, the government had to have the support of the majority of seats in both Upper and Lower Canada.
No single political party appealed to the interests of both Upper and Lower Canada, so various coalition governments were formed (and fell apart).
This instability (and the need to change it) was one of the causes of Confederation

19. Causes of Confederation
MILITARY/International RElations

20. Threat of American Invasion: Causes
American civil war ( ):
The northern states were more industrialized and wanted to put an end to slavery and encourage industrial development.
The southern states were dependent on agriculture (and slave labour).
When President Abraham Lincoln wanted to abolish slavery, the southern states wanted to secede (separate) from the union.
Confederate states (south) and Union states (north) fought each other. The Union states won.

21. Fear of American Invasion: Britain’s reaction
Britain was officially neutral during the war but it supported the southern states in several ways:
Allowed southern agents to enter into the Province of Canada, which made it easier for them to lead attacks on the Northern States
As a response, the Norther States threatened to invade the Province of Canada and annex it.

22. Fear of American Invasion: Britain’s reaction
British territories afraid of invasion:
The Province of Canada was dependent on the United Kingdom for defense, but the cost was becoming too high and Britain would send less troops to the colony.
The British colonies in North America considered uniting so they could better defend themselves against the American invasion in the West.

23. Review Questions
What two camps divided the politicians of the Province of Canada during the 1850s?
Why did the Clear Grits demand proportional representation?
Why were there 10 governments in 10 years, between ?
In the 1860s, what region was sought after by both the Province of Canada and the United States?
Why did the Northern States threaten the Province of Canada during the American civil war?

24. CAUSES OF CONFEDERATION
ECONOMIC

25. End of Reciprocity
In 1864, the U.S.A refused to renew the Reciprocity Treaty. Canada had to find a new place to sell her natural resources.
Solution: Create a domestic market:
Trade between the colonies in British North America
A confederation would make trade between the colonies easier.

26. Review Questions
Place the following events in chronological order on the timeline:
Signing of the Reciprocity Treaty
American Civil War
End of Navigation Acts
Granting of Responsible Government
Identify a cause of the signing of the reciprocity treaty.
Identify a consequence of the signing of the reciprocity treaty.
How did the end of the reciprocity treaty impact Canada’s economy?