1. Alkanes
Section 1.1

2. Learning Goal Success Criteria
Today we will learn how to name and draw an Alkane and an Alkyl Halide. We will also learn the physical properties of Alkanes.
Success Criteria
I understand what an organic molecule is
I understand what an alkane is
I can name alkanes, cyclic alkanes and branched alkanes in a variety of different ways. (condensed, structural and line)
I can draw alkanes, cyclic alkanes and branched alkanes in a variety of different methods. (condensed, structural and line)
I can explain why alkanes have low melting/boiling points
I understand how to draw and name alkyl halides

3. A Long Hug When You Really Need it
Awesome Quote
A Long Hug When You Really Need it

4. C Organic Chemistry Organic Compound
A molecular compound containing carbon with the exception of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide, CO2 and hydrogen cyanide, (HCN)
Carbon is found in group 4 (14) on the periodic table meaning it has 4 valence electrons.
It therefore has the amazing ability to form 4 covalent bonds C

5. Alkanes Hydrocarbon Alkane (Saturated Hydrocarbon)
A compound that is composed only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Alkane (Saturated Hydrocarbon)
A hydrocarbon in which all bonds between the carbon atoms are single bonds
Methane  is the simplest saturated hydrocarbon. (CH4)
It has 1 carbon bonded to 4 hydrogen atoms
Ethane  It has 2 carbons bonded to 6 hydrogens

6. The First Ten Alkanes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Number of C atoms Name
Molecular Formula (CnH2n+2)
Condensed Formula 1
Methane
CH4 2
Ethane
C2H6
CH3CH3 3
Propane
C3H8
CH3CH2CH3 4
Butane
C4H10
CH3(CH2)2CH3 5
Pentane
C5H12
CH3(CH2)3CH3 6
Hexane
C6H14
CH3(CH2)4CH3 7
Heptane
C7H16
CH3(CH2)5CH3 8
Octane
C8H18
CH3(CH2)6CH3 9
Nonane
C9H20
CH3(CH2)7CH3 10
Decane
C10H22
CH3(CH2)8CH3

7. Different Ways To Represent The Molecules
Structural Formula

8. Naming Alkanes Practice Butane Octane
1. The prefix represents the number of Carbons
Ex. But – 4 Carbons Prop – 3 Carbons
2. The suffix “ane” represents that there are single bonds throughout
Practice 2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7
Butane
Octane

9. Cyclic Alkane Not all alkanes are based on straight chains.
Their carbon atoms can join to form rings or branches
Cyclic Alkane
A hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms form a closed loop instead of a chain.
“Cyclo” is added to the beginning of any cyclic alkane.
Cyclopropane is the simplest cyclic alkane.
General formula “CnH2n” C C C

10. Branched Alkanes
When looking at branched alkanes we use the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms to determine the root name of the hydrocarbon.
Everything else not part of this continuous chain is considered to be a branch and has the ending “yl”

11. Naming Branches 5- propyl octane 3-methyl-
Identify the longest chain (parent chain)
Identify all the branches (substituents) attached to the parent chain.
Number the parent chain from the end so that the branches are attached to the carbon atom with the lowest possible number.
If there are two or more groups and the numbering is a tie, the group that comes first alphabetically gets the lower number.
If the same branch is present more than once, use a prefix to indicate this (di, tri, tetra) and include a number to indicate its position.
Separate words by hyphens and numbers by commas.
3-methyl-
5- propyl
octane

12. More Practice 5-but-2-yl -8-ethyl- 3-methyl decane 1,3-dimethyl
cyclohexane

13. Properties of Alkanes
The bonds between carbon and hydrogen are non-polar because their electronegativities are close to the same number.
All Nonpolar molecules experience Van der Waals forces which are very weak intermolecular forces.
Alkanes therefore experience very low boiling and melting points.
As the chain gets longer, the boiling points get higher.

14. Alkyl Halides
Alkyl Halides may include more than one halogen element. (F, Cl, Br, I)
They are named by writing the root of the halogen name first, with the suffix “-o”, followed by the name of the parent alkane.
The position of the halogen is specified with a number.
This molecule is Polar because halogens are more electronegative.
This molecule therefore has a higher BP/MP than alkanes

15. Practice Naming 5 – ethyl – 2,3 – dimethyl heptane
propan – 2- yl cyclopentane

16. Practice Drawing
a) 2,4-dimethylheptane d) 1-ethyl-3-propylcyclopentane