1. Cycle 7 – Sleep, and Memory formation
Memory Consolidation
Trace
Reactivation
Slow wave
Sleep

2. Cycle 7 – Sleep, and Memory formation
Memory Consolidation
At the time of encoding,
memories are susceptible to disruption.
With time, they become robust to interference
(Mueller and Pilzecker, 1900)
Cerebral trauma leads to a greater loss
of recent than remote memories
(Ribot, 1882)

3. Cycle 7 – Sleep, and Memory formation
Non-REM REM
Stages
Spindles Slow wave,delta

4. Cycle 7 – Sleep, and Memory formation

5. Stage 1 Stage 2 Stages 3, 4 Task Manipulat non-REM REM Priming
Conway & Smith 1994
Word Stem
REM Dep -E +L
Plihal & Born 1999
Intrpt
Perceptual skill
Karni et al. 1994
TDT
Dep - +
Stickgold et al. 2000
Corr +E
Gais et al. 2000
+/-L
Kattler et al. 1994
SSstim
n/a
Verschoor & Holdstock
Vis/Aud Lrn
Motor skill
Plihal & Born 1997
MirrorTrace
DeKoninck & Prevost
Prism Adaptation
Buchegger et al. 1991
Trampoline
Fischer et al. 2002
FOS
Corsi, Hanoi
Smith & MacNeill 1994
Pursuit Rotor
Walker et al. 2002
Fgr Tap Seq
Explicit/Declarative
Castaldo et al. 1974; Chernik 1972
VPA
Yaroush et al. 1971 -L
Barrett & Ekstrand 1972
Gais et al. 2002
Mental Rotation
Meier-Koll et al. 1999
Spatial
Tilley & Empson 1978
Story recall
R/St4 Dep
DeKoninck et al. 1989
2ndLanguage

6. Cycle 7 – Sleep, and Memory formation
Slow-wave sleep
Slow waves (a.k.a up/down states)
Neuroscience 137 (2006) 1087–1106
GROUPING OF BRAIN RHYTHMS IN CORTICOTHALAMIC SYSTEMS
M. STERIADE*
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Laval University, Faculty of Medicine,
Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4

7. Is there evidence for trace replay theory?
Cycle 7 – Sleep, and Memory formation
… when neural activity patterns seen during a task
are ‘replayed’ during subsequent periods of inactivity

8. Cycle 7 – Sleep, and Memory formation
Reactivation
In rats, hippocampal activity patterns during behavior are related to patterns during subsequent periods of inactivity (Pavlides and Winson, 1989; Wilson and McNaughton, 1994),
specifically, in hippocampal oscillations (Kudrimoti et al., 1999)
demonstrated to co-occur with slow-waves (Sirota et al., 2003; Battaglia et al., 2004)
seen in the hippocampus and neocortex of rats (Qin et al., 1997; Ribeiro et al., 2004; Ji and Wilson, 2007)
seen in non-human primate, in multiple ‘disconnected’ sites, coordinated across hemispheres. (Hoffman and McNaughton, 2002)
seen in other structures, maybe under other names (Arieli, Yuste/MacLean, Dan)

9. Cycle 7 – Sleep, and Memory formation
Slow-waves enhance declarative memory
Marshall ’06 stimulated humans at SW freq during SWS, and found selective enhancement of memory for word pairs.
Selective for slow waves (not theta stim)
Selective for word association memory
(not procedural finger-tapping task)
*** One example of how oscillations are more than epiphenomenal.

10. The upshot of up states in neocortex:
From slow oscillations to memory formation
Memory Consolidation
Trace
Reactivation
Slow wave
Sleep