1. Modal Auxiliaries 2013.04.17 English Grammar 10002012 김승협 10002043 신규희
김승협
신규희
한송이

2. Contents
03 Moral Auxiliaries and
Related Structures of
Need and Advice
04 Moral Auxiliaries of Possibility and Probability

3. Moral Auxiliaries and Related Structures of Need and Advice03
Moral Auxiliaries and Related Structures of Need and Advice

4. A. Expressing Present Need or Lack of Need
modals and related structures
examples
PRESENT NEED
must (not)
+ simple form
have to
You must practice everyday if you want to improve.
John has to study, so he can’t play today.
PRESENT LACK OF NEED
don’t (doesn’t)
+ simple form
I don’t have to study, so I can play tennis.

5. Exercise 2 A. Expressing Present Need or Lack of Need
Complete the sentences with must not
or don’t/doesn’t have to.
If you ( don’t have to ) make an emergency rescue, do not move the victim.
You ( must not ) move a person with a neck or back injury unless absolutely necessary.
7. A person who knows first aid ( doesn’t have to ) call a doctor about ever small accident.
don’t have to
must not
doesn’t have to

6. Exercise 4 A. Expressing Present Need or Lack of Need
Complete the sentences with must, must not
or don’t/doesn’t have to.
3. a. There is no emergency. We ( don’t have to )
hurry with the victim.
b. There is an emergency. We ( must not ) delay!
c. There is an emergency. We ( must ) get help for the victim immediately.
don’t have to
must not
must

7. didn’t have to + simple form
B. Expressing Past Need or Lack of Need
modals
examples
PAST NEED
had to + simple form
I had to make reservations for a tennis court.
Did you have to give them a deposit?
PAST LACK OF NEED
didn’t have to + simple form
I didn’t have to give a deposit.

8. Exercise 5 B. Expressing Past Need or Lack of Need
Use had to do or didn’t have to do to describe picture on p.125.
Call the fire department.
Get a doctor!
4. Don’t worry about the cat! It already jumped out the window.
We had to call the fire department.
We had to get a doctor!
We didn’t have to worry about the cat!

9. modals and related structures
C. Expressing Advice About the Present
modals and related structures
examples
had better (not)
should (not) Simple
Form
ought (not) to
He had better lose some weight.
You should get more exercise.
You ought to start tomorrow.

10. Exercise 6 C. Expressing Advice About the Present
Make suggestions from the phrases in parentheses, by using had better, ought to, and should.
2. I’ve had a toothache since last week.
(see a dentist)
5. None of my clothes fit anymore. (go on a diet)
7. I don’t understand the next assignment.
(talk to the teacher about it)
You had better see a dentist.
You had better go on a diet.
You ought to talk to the teacher about it.

11. D. Expressing Advice About the Past (Not taken)
modals
examples
Should (not) have or
Ought (not) to have +
Past Participle
You should have spent more time practicing.
We ought to have plated much better than we did.

12. Exercise 10 D. Expressing Advice About the Past (Not taken)
In pairs, respond to the following sentences with a statement using either should have or ought to have.
Veronica went to the dentist last week.
2. Centa ran six miles this morning.
Ali studied a lot for the TOEFL.
I should have gone to the dentist too,
but I didn’t.
I ought to have run too, but I didn’t
I should have studied it too, but I didn’t

13. Moral Auxiliaries of Possibility and Probability04
Moral Auxiliaries of Possibility and Probability

14. A. Expressing Present and Past Possibility
modals
examples
PRESENT possibility
May (not)
Might(not) Simple Form could(not)
He may have a bad case of the flu.
Could he have pneumonia?
PAST possibility
May (not) have
Might(not) have + Past Participle could(not) have
She may have hurt her leg.
She couldn’t have broken it.

15. A. Expressing Present and Past Possibility
Exercise 1
Practice negative questions and modals of possibility by making short conversations form the following cues.
have a problem with my teeth
see a dentist
have a cavity
A : I’ve been having problems with my teeth.
B : Why don’t you see a dentist?
C : You might have a cavity.

16. B. Expressing Present and Past Probability
modals
examples
PRESENT Probability
Must (not) + Simple Form
You must be in shock from the accident.
You must not feel good.
PAST Probability
Must (not) have + Past Participle
You must have been in shock after the accident.
You must not have felt good.

17. B. Expressing Present and Past Probability
Exercise 4
Make statements and responses, by using must with the cues.
The food at lunch today was very salty.(be thirsty)
4. I burned my hand on the stove last night. (hurt)
5. I can’t read signs when I’m driving.(need glasses)
You must be thirsty.
You must have hurt.
You must have needed glasses.

18. Thank you 