1. Unit 1: Population (Part V) Population pyramids

2. Dependency Ratio
The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years

3. 0-14 = Dependents 15-64 = Workers 65+ = Dependents Dependency Ratio
DR = Number of Dependents (0-14 and 65+)
Number of Working-age (15-64)
X 100

4. Population under the age of 15 - usually shown as a percentage of the total population of a country - dependency age is 0-15

5. The Ageing World

6. Europe and North America = 95:100
Gender Ratio
Gender (Sex) Ratio: number of males per hundred females
In general more males are born than females
Males have higher death rates
Examples:
Europe and North America = 95:100
Rest of World = 102:100

7. Gender Ratio – Developing Countries
Have large % of young people –where males generally outnumber females
Lower % of older people – where females are typically more numerous
High immigration = more males

8. Population Pyramids
A country’s stage in Demographic Transition gives it a distinctive population structure
Also called
Age/Sex Pyramids
Population composition on graph:
Males = left side of the vertical axis
Females = right side of the vertical axis
Age = order sequentially with youngest
at the bottom and oldest at the top
(usually by five-year cohorts)

9. 5 Stages of DTM relative to Population Pyramids

10. Population Structure Poor Countries (Stage 2)
A wide base is the result of a high CBR
A narrow apex shows relatively low life expectancy
Big decreases upwards on pyramid indicate high CDR
Rich Countries (Stage 4)
Narrow base due to decreasing/low CBR
Apex that gradually tapers upwards shows low CDRs and long life expectancy
High percentage of the population is near age of 65

11. Problems Caused by Different Population Structures
More Economically Developed Countries -increased ageing population causes stagnation and population decline. Increased burden on economically active. Leads to closure of schools and maternity wards. May possibly raise the retirement age and tax rates to compensate for the lack of economically active people.
Less Economically Developed Countries-high percentage of young dependents means more money is spent on childcare, education, schools cannot cope, therefore girls are less likely to be educated, leading to high CBR. Unemployment increases because the number of jobs cannot keep up with population increase.

12. Population Pyramid Summary for United States: 1950, 2025, 2050
Population Pyramid Summary for United States: 1950, 2025, 2050

13. Population Pyramids Summary for India: 2000, 2050, 2100

14. One “weird” pyramid-Bahrain (middle east) 2020

15. Population Woes for East Asia: Japan
1970s-BR 2.1/2015-BR 1.0
Japanese are living longer
Highest proportion of elderly in the world
Currently 20% of population is over 65
By % will be over 65
WHAT WILL THEIR FUTURE PYRAMID RESEMBLE? Here you go…

16. Population Woes for East Asia: China’s past, present and future
China (1/5th of the world’s population)-1.36 billion
One-Child Policy-implemented in 1979, prevented over 400 million births. Reduced TFR from 5.3 to 1.5
Fall in fertility rates due to improving economic and social factors in urban areas
Late-term abortions encouraged
Baby girls sold for average of $3,000/baby
Couples are fined $3,000 per additional child beyond one in urban areas
Rural families were allowed to have two children if first was a girl
China now has one of the oldest populations in the world-30% over 50 yrs. old
WHAT WILL THEIR FUTURE PYRAMID RESEMBLE?

17. China

18. The End of the “pyramid” (for developed countries)