1. Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Chapter 15
Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

3. Air Pollution
_________________- the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or microorganisms into the atmosphere at concentrations high enough to harm plants, animals, and materials such as buildings, or to alter ecosystems.

4. Major Air Pollutants
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Carbon Oxides

5. Major Air Pollutants Particulate Matter Volatiles Organic Compounds
Ozone
Lead
Mercury

9. Primary Pollutants
____________________- polluting compounds that come directly out of the smoke-stack, exhaust pip, or natural emission source.
Examples:

10. Secondary Pollutants
Secondary pollutants- pollutants that have undergone transformation in the presence of sunlight, water, oxygen, or other compounds.
Examples: ozone, sulfate and nitrate

11. Natural Sources of Air Pollution

12. Anthropogenic Sources of Air Pollution

16. Photochemical Smog

17. Thermal Inversions
_____________________- when a relatively warm layer of air at mid-altitude covers a layer of cold, dense air below.
The warm inversion layer ______________________that then _________________________________ it.

19. Acid Deposition

20. Acid Deposition
________________________- occurs when nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere and combine with atmospheric oxygen and water. These form the secondary pollutants nitric acid and sulfuric acid.
These ________________________________ further break down into nitrate and sulfate which cause the acid in acid deposition.

21. Effects of Acid Deposition
_______________________ the pH of lake water
_______________________ species diversity of aquatic organisms
_________________________ that are found in soils and releasing these into surface waters
Damaging ______________________________________________

22. Ways to Prevent Air Pollution
Removing ____________________from coal by fluidized bed combustion
_______________________ on cars
______________ on smoke stacks
____________________ filters
________________________ precipitators

27. Stratospheric Ozone
The stratospheric ozone layer exists roughly __________________________________ above the Earth.
Ozone has the ability to absorb ______________________________and protect life on Earth.

28. Formation and Breakdown of Ozone
First, ________________breaks the bonds holding together the oxygen molecule )2, leaving two free oxygen atoms: O2 + UV-C -> 2O
Sometimes the __________________ atoms result in ozone: O2 + O -> O3
____________ is broken down into _____ and ________________atoms when it absorbs both UV-C and UV-B ultraviolet light: O3 + UV-B or UV-C -> O2 + O

29. Anthropogenic Contributions to Ozone Destruction
Certain chemicals can break down ozone, particularly _______________.
The major source of __________________ in the stratosphere is a compound known as __________________________________.
_________ are used in _____________________________, as propellants in aerosol cans and as “blowing agents” to inject air into foam products like Styrofoam.

30. Anthropogenic Contributions to Ozone Destruction
When ____________ are released into the ____________________ they make their way to the ____________________.
The _________________ radiation present has enough energy to break the bond connecting __________ to the _______ molecule.
which can then break apart the ____________ molecules.

31. Anthropogenic Contributions to Ozone Destruction
First, ______________ozone’s bonds and pulls off one atom of oxygen, forming a chlorine monoxide molecule and O2: O3 + Cl -> ClO + O2
Next, a ________________ atoms pulls the oxygen atom from ClO, liberating the chlorine and creating one oxygen molecule: ClO + O -> Cl + O2
One _____________ atom can catalyze the breakdown of as many as ________________ ozone molecules before it leaves the stratosphere.

32. Depletion of the Ozone Layer
___________________ concentrations had decreased by more than ______.
___________________ was greatest at the poles
Decreased ________________ ozone has increased the amount of _________ radiation that reaches the surface of Earth.

34. Indoor Air Pollutants
__________________________________________used for cooking and heating in developing countries.
_________________
____________________
________________ in home products