1. DICTATORSHIP & DEMOCRACY 1920-1945
Introduction

2. Learning Outcomes
To recap what you know from JC about the end of World War I.
The impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany.
Other Treaties for other defeated countries.

3. World War I Recap...
The European powers had been divided into 2 alliances:
THE CENTRAL POWERS- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey.
THE ALLIES- Britain, France, Russia and (after 1915) Italy.
The war had been sparked by the assassination of Archduke Frank Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary.
Mid-way through the war (1917), a Communist Revolution in Russia led to the overthrow and execution of the Russian Monarch, Tsar Nicholas II.
The new Communist leader of Russia (Lenin) took Russia out of the War.
By 1918, the German emperor, Willhelm II had abdicated (resigned).
Eventually, the war ended on 11th Nov

4. The Peace Negotiations
Europe had been devastated by this war.
10 million people were dead.
Large parts of Europe had been destroyed.
Food was in short supply.
The political chaos made the possibility of other Communist revolutions like the one there had been in Russia much higher.
Several monarchies had collapsed, and new nations were forming.
The French, led by Georges Clemenceau, wanted a severe Treaty for Germany, to prevent future wars between France and Germany.
The British PM (David Lloyd-George) was more moderate, but there was pressure at home for a harsh Treaty for Germany also.
The US President, Wilson, wanted a fair settlement. He put forward his Fourteen Point plan. He believed that people should have the right to decide for themselves how they should be governed. He called for the setting up of a League of Nations.

5. Germany: Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty prepared for Germany was called the Treaty of Versailles. Other defeated nations signed other treaties.
It was signed in June 1919.
It had 440 sections!
The key ones were:
Germany lost 25,000 square miles of territory and seven million people.
The Saar Region which bordered France was placed under international control for 15 years. The French could use the Coal Mines of this region.
The Rhineland region (which bordered France) was demilitarised- Germany could not station any troops there.
Any union between Germany and Austria was forbidden.
New nations were established which were composed partly of former German territory ( e.g.: Czechoslovakia)
The German Army was capped at 100,000 men. German Navy limited to 6 ships.
Construction of an airforce was banned.
German colonies were taken off of them.
REPARATIONS: The War Guilt Clause placed a compensation bill of £6.6 billion on Germany for having allegedly caused the war. This crippled the German economy.

6. PERSONALITY
“Type a quote here.”
–Johnny Appleseed

7. The other Treaties Austria: THE TREATY OF ST. GERMAIN
Bulgaria: THE TREATY OF NEUILLY
Hungary: THE TREATY OF TRIANON
Turkey: THE TREATY OF SEVRES.
By far the most punishing and severe Treaty was the Treaty of Versailles.

8. Reaction of the Treaty of Versailles.
People in Germany and Italy were outraged by the TOV.
The Italians had been promised territory in return for their involvement in the war and hadn't gotten it!
Led to a growth in more extremist politics, with people like Adolf Hitler blaming the new German government for all the woes of Germany and saying that Germans had been "stabbed in the back" by the TOV.