1. Unit 4: Middle East Empires
The Byzantine Empire Chapter 11.1

2. After Rome split in 395, the Eastern Empire, known as Byzantium, flourishes for a thousand years.

3. The Eastern Roman Empire
Justinian becomes emperor of Byzantium in 527.
His armies re-conquer much of former Roman territory
Byzantine emperors head state and church and use brutal politics
New Laws for the Empire
Justinian seeks to revise and update laws for governing the empire
Justinian Code —new set of civil laws
Code regulates much of Byzantine life; lasts for 900 years

6. Constantinople Creating the Imperial Capital
Constructs new buildings; builds magnificent church, Hagia Sophia
Byzantines preserve Greco-roman culture and learning
Constantinople’s Hectic Pace
Giant Hippodrome offers chariot races and other entertainment
Racing fans start Nika riots in 532; government restores order violently

8. Interior of the Church of Hagia Sophia

9. The Empire Falls
Justinian dies in 565; empire faces many crises after his death
Bubonic plague repeatedly Sweeps Empire; kills many residents
Byzantium faces attacks from many different groups, including Islamic empires
Constantinople falls in 1453; brings an end to the Byzantine Empire

11. Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia
Section 3
Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia
Turkish people convert to Islam and establish new empires that renew Muslim civilization.
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13. Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia
SECTION 3
Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia
Decline of the Abbasids
• Powerful Abbasid Empire faces many attacks during 700s and 800s
• Persians conquer Abbasid capital, Baghdad, in 945
The Conquering Seljuks
• Turks are a nomadic group living along western
border of China
• Group led by Turkish family—the Seljuks—seizes
Baghdad in 1055
• Seljuks take most of Anatolia; bring Turks close to
Constantinople
Continued . . .
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15. The Turks Secure Persian Support
SECTION 3
continued The Rise of the Turks
The Turks Secure Persian Support
• Turks seek support of Persians and embrace Persian culture
• Give Persians key posts, including that of vizier, or prime minister (a type of political leader)
• Adopt Persian language and religion—Islam
• Malik Shah was one of the most famous Seljuk rulers, or shahs
• He and other shahs support Persian artists; build mosques
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16. Malik Shah Dies Seljuks Confront Crusaders and Mongols
SECTION 3
Seljuks Confront Crusaders and Mongols
Malik Shah Dies
• In 1092 Malik Shah dies; no capable shah
replaces him
• Seljuk Empire disintegrates into loose collection of minor kingdoms
Continued . . .
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17. The Crusades The Beginning of the Crusades Goals of the Crusades
SECTION 1
The Crusades
The Beginning of the Crusades
• In 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help fighting the muslim Turks on their borders
• Pope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade—a “holy war”
Goals of the Crusades
• Main goal: Pope wants to recover Jerusalem and reunite Christianity where it got started
• Christians hope to earn land or win glory by fighting
Continued . . .
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18. The First and Second Crusades
SECTION 1
continued The Crusades
The First and Second Crusades
• Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in heaven
• First Crusade: Crusaders capture Jerusalem in (we read this account earlier)
• In 1187 Saladin—Muslim leader and Kurdish
warrior—retakes Jerusalem
Continued . . .
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19. The Crusading Spirit Dwindles
SECTION 1
The Crusading Spirit Dwindles
A Spanish Crusade
• Most of Spain controlled by Moors, a Muslim people
• Christians fight Reconquista—drive Muslims
from Spain, 1100 to 1492
• Spain has Inquisition— a court to stop nonbelievers; expels non-Christians
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20. The Effects of the Crusades
SECTION 1
The Effects of the Crusades
The Crusades Change Life
1. Crusades show power of Church in convincing thousands to fight
2. Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods from Southwest Asia
3. Crusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians
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21. The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
Section 1
The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire
that combine many cultures and lasted for
more than 600 years.
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22. The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
SECTION 1
The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
Turkish Warriors
• Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine
Empire
• Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who
fight for Islam
Osman Establishes a State
• From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds
state in Anatolia
• Europeans call him Othman and his followers Ottomans
• Ottomans win battles because of superior strategy and knowledge
Continued . . .
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23. Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
SECTION 1
Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople
• Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers
Constantinople in 1453
• Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds
Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities
• In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson,
comes to power
• Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important
Muslim cities
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24. Highly Structured Social Organization
SECTION 1
continued Suleyman the Lawgiver
Highly Structured Social Organization
• Suleyman creates law code, reduces
bureaucracy, simplifies taxation
• Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from
conquered lands
• Trains 30,000 elite warriors—janissaries—loyal
only to the sultan
• Jews and Christians allowed to practice own
religion
Cultural Flowering
• Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of
arts, learning
• Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent
Mosque of Suleyman
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25. The Empire Declines Slowly
SECTION 1
The Empire Declines Slowly
Gradual Fall
• Suleyman kills one son and exiles another
• Third son inherits throne but rules weakly
• Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their
sons uneducated
• Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s
eventual fall
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