1. ADENOVIRUS INFECTIONS

2. Poultry adenoviruses (aviadenoviruses) are widely available and readily isolable agents of domestic and wild birds in the world. Some of these viruses (Group-I) cause spontaneous infections in animals, usually with mild symptoms. Group-I infections originating from avian adenoviruses (conventional adenoviruses) are found between chicken, turkey, goose, duck, pheasant, quail, ostrich, and wild birds.

3. The other part of avian adenoviruses (Group II), on the other hand, cause specific, contagious and lethal diseases in birds. These include hemorrhagic enteritis of the indigenous ones, marble-type spleen disease of the pheasants and splenomegaly of the chickens. Egg drop syndrome (EDS76) virus, which causes mortality in 5-10% of cases, is also excluded from the two groups because it shows a distinctive feature from Group-I and II adenoviruses. In fact, some authors believe that this virus, III. they include a group. This virus is commonly found in water birds and can easily be isolated from them.

4. CHICKEN GROUP-I AVIADENOVIRUS INFECTIONS (Conventional adenovirus infections)

5. Group-I avian adenoviruses usually cause secret, mild and indistinct infections in chickens. The isolation of avian adenoviruses from healthy animals also reveals that they are a highly secondary agent rather than a primary pathogen. The frequent isolation of viruses from Gumboro and infectious anemic chickens and the inability to produce infections from normal transmission routes also seem to support this view. It has also been observed that there is an increase in the pathogenicity of avian adenoviruses in patients with immunodeficiency. Group-I aviadenoviruses cause disorders such as respiratory, digestive and reproductive system disorders, inclusive hepatitis, quail bronchitis, pancreatitis, non-development, decreased egg production, stagnation, loss of appetite, etc.

6. Clinical manifestations are usually related to the age, immunosuppressive and immunosuppressive conditions of the animals, such as serotypes, serotypes, virulence, amount of virus, amount of virus in the body, presence of maternal or active immunocompromised antibodies in the blood and Gumboro, infectious anemia, ILT, IB, microplasmosis etc. in animals. It is closely related to the presence of infections. The major disorders found in animals. 1) Fall in egg yield 2) Regression to development 3) Arthritis / tenosinovitis 4) Respiratory system disorders 5) Inclinobated hepatitis 6) Bronchitis of quail

7. AVIADENOVIRUS GROUP-II INFECTIONS OF POULTRY

8. Aviadenovirus group-II infections are mainly 3 diseases
Aviadenovirus group-II infections are mainly 3 diseases. 1) The mullerian spleen disease 2) hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys 3) Splenomegaly of chickens

9. AVIADENOVIRUS GROUP-II INFECTIONS OF POULTRY EGG DROP SYNDROME (EDS-76)

10. Decrease in egg yield, deterioration of internal and external quality of egg salpingitis Widespread in the world, Serologically detected in Turkey

11. Etiology Adenovirus - EDS-76 virus For production
Etiology Adenovirus - EDS-76 virus For production Embryo duck or goose egg Embryonal cell cultures HA feature

12. Epidemiology Hatching eggs, goose, duck sensitive Can be transmitted vertically and laterally Stool plays an important role in lateral contagion Transmission by the digestive route is important Virus contaminated materials are also important in contamination

13. Symptoms Sudden drop in egg yield Deterioration of the external and internal quality of the egg The disease is especially effective during the period when the crawfish reaches peak The first finding about ovaries is loss of color Fine-crusted and rough egg Egg with soft shell and without shell Infection usually lasts 4-10 weeks and causes a fall in egg yield of up to 40% Degradation in internal quality-watery egg whites In some cases diarrhea and mild respiratory symptoms are noticeable

14. Diagnosis Clinical and necropsy findings Laboratory examinations Virus isolation Serological tests Animal experiment

15. Protection and Control Vertical contamination should be considered Vaccination

16. CHICKEN INFECTIOUS ANEMIA

17. Applied anemia in chicks Atrophy in lymphoid organs immunosuppression The disease effect is first described as CAA, later CAV and now called CIAV It is defined in different countries in the world The presence of the disease has also been reported in turkey

18. Etiology The disease affects CIAV It is not yet fully systematic, but there is a tendency to define it as Circovirus Contains single stranded DNA Embryo can be produced in egg and tissue culture

19. Epizootiyology Common in the world The agent can be transmitted vertically Breeders take approximately 3-6 weeks with eggs The agent can also The stool contains a high number of viruses and the digestive tract is important in transmission Roosters also infect effective with sperma

20. Symptoms Vertical transmission disease occurs in 10-14 days The most obvious finding is anemic Deceleration in growth Depression, plaque and face wilt, loss of appetite, numbness and stagnation Bleeding under the skin Immunosuppression Mortality 10-60% Decrease in hematocrit value (from 29-35% to 6-27%)

21. Diagnosis Clinical and necropsy Laboratory examinations Virus isolation Serology Animal experiment

22. Protection and Control Vertical contamination must be considered Vaccination

23. NEOPLASTIC DISEASES

24. Neoplastic diseases of birds are divided into two groups according to their etiologic agents. In the first group neoplasms with known aetiology and in the other group neoplasms with unknown aetiology. The tumors brought by the virus to the fruit are mesodermal origin and transferable character. Neoplastic diseases or disease complexes can be grouped into 5 groups according to their etiological differences. These;

25. 1- Marek's disease: It is a lymphoproliferative disorder affecting the nervous system and internal organs. Agent is Herpes virus. 2-Leukosis / Sarcoma Group Virus Diseases: Neoplastic diseases caused by RNA retroviruses. Lymphoid leukosis is the most common. In lymphoid leukosis, mainly bursa Fabricius and visceral organs are affected. Other neoplasms of hematopoetic origin are also present in this group. These are erythroblastosis, myeloblastosis, myelocytomatosis, nephroblastoma and osteopetrosis.

26. 3- Reticuloendotheliosis: Some members of this group that are antigenically related to RNA-containing retroviruses cause neoplastic diseases in ducks. Others are the cause of lymphoid neoplasms in the Turkey. 4-Turkeys Lymphoproliferative Disease: Leukosis / Sarcoma and reticuloendotheliosis viruses are caused by a separate RNA retrovirus. 5-Etiology Unknown neoplasms: Neoplasms of this group, which include a large part of benign and malign neoplasms, originate from muscle, epithelium, nerve tissue, serous membranes and pigmented cells.

27. LEUKOSİS / SARCOMA GROUP VIRUS INFECTIONS The etiologic agents of the leukosis / sarcoma disease group are the members of the avian retrovirus genus belonging to the Retroviridae family. Under natural conditions, the most lymphoid leukosis is seen. Other important diseases are erythroblastosis, myeloblastosis, myelocytomatosis, endothelioma, nephroblastoma, hepatocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma and osteopetrosis. Only lymphoid leukosis from neoplasms in the leukosis / sarcoma group has adequate and effective economic prescription. Other diseases are sporadic except for some exceptions. In recent years, there have been subclinical cases that occur without neoplastic disorders caused by the avian leukosis virus.

28. Etiology Avian leukosis / sarcoma virus (ALSV) is located in the subgroup of avian type C oncoviruses of the retroviridae family. Six subgroups (A, B, C, D, E and J) were separated according to differences in ALSV envelope glycoproteins. Type E viruses are endogenous leukosis viruses and have less oncogenicity than do chickens. Outside this group are exogenous viruses that are outsourced. A and B are the most common exogenous viruses in the genus. C and D viruses have rarely been reported. J type has recently been isolated from meat type chickens. Cross-neutralization between subgroups is also immaterial, outside B and D.

29. Embryos can also grow in egg and cell cultures
Embryos can also grow in egg and cell cultures. The virus that breeds in the embryo brings plaques to the chorioallantoic membrane. In cell cultures (chicken embryo fibroblast cells), they generally do not produce cytopathic changes except in groups B and D. Some sarcoma viruses are "defective" viruses, which means they lack the necessary genetic makeup to grow on their own.

30. Epidemiology Chickens are natural hosts for all the viruses in the ALSV group. Most hosts have the Rous Sarkoma virus. Virus causes tumors in chickens, turkeys, ducks, and other wings. Teeth are more sensitive than men to lymphoid leukosis. Most commercial chickens are sensitive to exogenous ALSV and carry the endogenous leukosis virus. However, a small percentage of them develop lymphoid leukosis or other tumors. Losses rarely exceed 30%.

31. Mortality and economic losses due to lymphoid leukosis are generally seen in 5-9 of laying and breeding eggs. starting from the month. Other neoplastic diseases are sporadic. Subclinical diseases caused by the lymphoid leukosis virus affect the egg production negatively. Exogenous ALSV is transmitted in two ways. The first is with the egg vertically (moths) and the second is with the horizontal path (direct or indirect contact between the animals). Usually a very small percentage of chicks are vertically infected. Virus can not reproduce in sex cells. Rooster has no role in contagion. However, infected roosters may be portraits because they contain viruses in their bodies.

32. Symptoms 1-Lymphoid Leukosis After inoculation of sensitive strains of virus strain RPL12, B15, F42 or RAV1 into susceptible embryos or 1-14 day old chicks Lymphoid leukosis is seen in weeks. Rarely, the disease is seen under 14 weeks. The insidense is usually much higher after sexual activity. Lymphoid leukosis always begins with the formation of a tumor in the bursa Fabricius and localization occurs in this organ until the bursa Fabricius shrinks and disappears. When the chicken enters the age of ovulation, the tumor metastasizes and spreads to other organs. This is why the incubation period is long. Also known as "Great Liver Disease" due to diffuse growth in the liver The external indication of the disease is not clear. Crayfish are pale, wrinkled and rarely cyanotic.

33. Loss of appetite and weakness. The abdominal region has often enlarged
Loss of appetite and weakness. The abdominal region has often enlarged. The feathers may be washed with a green colored diarrhea. The liver, bursa Fabricius and / or kidneys can be noticed by palpation as they grow. The disease progresses very quickly after clinical signs are seen. Necropsy liver, spleen, and bursa Fabricius can also be seen with visible tumors. Besides these organs, tumors can also be seen in kidney, lung, gonad, bowel, heart, bone marrow and mesentery. Tumors are smooth, smooth and bright. The cross-section face may change to a slightly white cream. Rarely is necrosis. Tumoral growth can be nodular, miliar, diffuse or a combination of these forms.

34. 2-Erythroblastosis Erytroblastosis is a rare, sporadic disease affecting adult chickens, which is older than 3 months. The disease-affecting strains are RNPL-12, R, F24, ES24 and 13 virus strains. A large number of immature erythrocytes (erythroblasts) are typical of the disease. There are various violent and quality anemas. The first indication of the disease is drowsiness, general weakness and blurring of the nudity. As the disease progresses, a weakening usually occurs up to the brow.

35. There is diarrhea. In addition, feather follicles may have hemorrhage
There is diarrhea. In addition, feather follicles may have hemorrhage. The course of the disease may last from several days to several months. According to the intensity of the anemony, the crayfish can change color from slightly yellow to white. In the necropsy muscles, in the skin and in the internal organs, anemia accompanied by petechial hemorrhages is seen. Thrombosis and rupture may occur in the liver and spleen. In the lungs, pericardium and subcutaneous edema, asitis may be a fibrinous clot on the ventral face of the liver. The most characteristic lesion is diffuse growth in the liver, spleen and occasionally in the kidneys.

36. 3- Myeloblastosis Erythroblastosis is a similar disease
3- Myeloblastosis Erythroblastosis is a similar disease. However, in contrast to this disease, it is seen in young animals. It comes mostly from the BAI-A virus strain. Clinical indication is similar to erythroblastosis. However, blood clotting time is much longer. The necropsy usually has an anemia tab. Kanda myeloblasts and extreme leukemia are remarkable.

37. 4- Myelocytomatosis Myelocytomatosis is short from lymphoid leukosis but has a long incubation period than erythroblastosis and myeloblastosis. In experimental studies, young chicks can be brought to the market with the MC29 virus. Clinical indication is similar to myeloblastosis.

38. 5- Osteopetrosis Daily chickens can be brought to the test with in vitro inoculation of RPL12-L29 virus. The leg is characterized by the thickening of long bones. The incubation period is up to 1 month. It is most common in animals 8-12 weeks old. Especially the leg and wing bones are affected. At the beginning of the disease, the areas thickened are warm and painful. As the disease progresses, the hot and the pain disappear. The animals with thick leg bones appear to be wearing boots. Patients usually do not develop and remain stunted. Anorexia may occur when the bone marrow cavity narrows. Sometimes the medulla is missing. The bones of the affected bones are yellow and hardened. A microscopic examination reveals advanced calcification.

39. Diagnosis 1- Clinical and Necropsy Findings 2- Laboratory Exams a) Virus Isolation b) RIF Test (Resistance Inducing Factor Test) c) Cofal Test (Complement Fixation Test for Avian Leucosis Viruses) d) NP Test (Non Producer Test) e) Other tests: In addition to the tests mentioned above, tests such as fluorescent antibody technique, enzyme tests, PCR, hematopoietic transformation test are applied. Plasma, serum and egg yolk can be used as a sample for antibody screening in serological examinations. Neutralization test, indirect immunoperoxidase absorbance test and ELISA techniques are important serological tests.

40. Protection and control There is no known cure and no vaccination
Protection and control There is no known cure and no vaccination. Control can be done by flock management to reduce the infection in the environment, good quality care and nutrition, hygiene in high standard, and use of animals obtained from genetically resistant hosts. Because the infection is contaminated with eggs, it is possible to reverse the virus isolation.

41. RETİKULOENDOTELİOSİS Reticuloendotheiosis is a neoplastic disease characterized by various pathologic syndromes brought into the genus by retroviruses outside of the leukosis / sarcoma group of viruses of chickens. Etiology The reticuloendothelosis virus (REV) is an avian type C oncovirus of the retroviridae family. However, it differs from the leukosis / sarcoma group. The most isolated T strain in the REV group. The T strain is acutely oncogenic and causes reticuloendothelosis. Virus reproduces in susceptible poultry, embryonic chicken eggs and tissue cultures.

42. Epidemiology Other than chickens, the worms such as turkey, duck, goose, pheasant and quail are susceptible to the disease. Infection has been reported in many countries of the world. The disease is also vertically excluded from the horizontal path. Infection is also caused by infection. Contamination is more prevalent especially in flowers and marek grains. Symptoms The symptoms are not pathognomonic. Acute or chronic liver and spleen tumors are seen. A similar situation can be seen in the heart, kidney, and pancreas. At 3 weeks after experimental inoculation, macroscopic tumors similar to Marek occur in peripheral nerves. Some animals may be paralyzed. The disease can also cause immunosuppression.

43. Diagnosis Clinical symptoms, necropsy and histopathological findings are insufficient. Virus isolation and identification are required. Virus inoculation is done to embryo eggs, tissue cultures and sensitive animals. The presence of infectious herpes can be determined by testing the blood antibodies with antibodies to the disease such as ELISA, agar gel precipitation, plaque reduction, pseudonormalization or fluorescent antibody.

44. ETIOLOGY UNKNOWN TUMORS In this group there are neoplasms of unknown etiological cause. They do not have much importance for chicken breeding. These diseases have not been adversely affected by human health.