1. Flowers, Inflorescences & Fruits

2. Flowers, Inflorescence & Fruits
Floral characteristics are the most commonly features to identify plants
Much more reliable than vegetative characteristics

3. Flower
A typical flower is a stem tip bearing two whorls of appendages that are sterile and two that are fertile
All four whorls are considered to be modified leaves

4. Flower
Typical flower
4 main parts

5. Flower Sterile parts Sepals: protect flower bud
All sepals called calyx
Petals: pretty parts that attract pollinators
All petals called corolla
Calyx and corolla make up the perianth

6. Flower Fertile parts Stamens All stamens called androecium
Male reproductive structures
Anther
Filaments
All stamens called androecium

7. Flower Fertile parts Carpel All carpels called the gynoecium Stigma
Style
Ovary
All carpels called the gynoecium

8. Presence or Absence of Parts Terms Applied to Individual Flowers
Complete: has all the floral parts
Sepals
Petals
Stamens
Carpels

9. Presence or Absence of Parts Terms Applied to Individual Flowers
Incomplete: missing one of more of the floral parts
Ginger flower missing petals

10. Presence or Absence of Parts Terms Applied to Individual Flowers
Perfect (=bisexual): flower with both stamens and carpels
Grape flower with stamens and carpels

11. Presence or Absence of Parts Terms Applied to Individual Flowers
Imperfect (=unisexual): missing stamens or carpels, but not both

12. Presence or Absence of Parts Terms Applied to Individual Flowers
Staminate (=male): unisexual flower with just stamens present
Imperfect staminate flower; stamens only, no carples

13. Presence or Absence of Parts Terms Applied to Individual Flowers
Carpellate (=female): unisexual flower just carpels present
Imperfect carpellate flower; carpel only; no stamens

14. Presence or Absence of Parts Terms Applied to Plants with Imperfect Flowers
Monoecious: any plant that has both staminate and carpellate flowers

15. Presence or Absence of Parts Terms Applied to Plants with Imperfect Flowers
Dioecious: plant that has either staminate flowers or carpellate flowers, but not both

16. Insertion of Floral Parts
The position of the gynoecium in relation to all the other floral parts is the basis for for the terminology used in keys and taxonomic descriptions

17. Insertion of Floral Parts
Hypogynous: the sepals, petals, and stamens are inserted under the carpel
Ovary is said to be superior

18. Insertion of Floral Parts
In a perigynous flower, the sepal, petals, and stamens are fused together to form a cup called the hypanthium
The gynoecium sits inside the cup but is not fused to it
Ovary is said to be superior

19. Insertion of Floral Parts
In a epigynousflower, the sepals, petals, and stamens arise from a point above the ovary
Ovary is said to be inferior

20. Floral Symmetry
Actinomorphic (=radial): cutting the flower in any pane produces a mirror image

21. Floral Symmetry
Zygomorphic (=bilateral): can cut the flower in only one plane to get a mirror image

22. Inflorescence Types
An inflorescence is an arrangement of one or more flowers on a floral axis

23. Inflorescence Types Inflorescence type determined by:
Number of flowers
Positional relationships
Degree of the development of their pedicels
Nature of their branching pattern

24. Simple Inflorescences
Terminal: flower at the tip of a stem
Scarlet rose-mallow (Hibiscus coccineus)

25. Compound Inflorescences
Two or more flowers per inflorescence

26. Compound Inflorescences
Spike: elongate inflorescence; flowers are sessile, dense, or remote from one another
Spiked blazing star (Liatris spicata)

27. Compound Inflorescences
Catkin: a pendant or erect inflorescence in which unisexual flowers lack petals and are hidden by scaly bracts

28. Compound Inflorescences
Raceme: an elongate inflorescence of pedicellate flowers on an unbranched rachis

29. Compound Inflorescences
Umbel: a flat-topped or somewhat rounded inflorescence in which all of the pedicels arise from a common point at the tip of the peduncle
Butterfly weed (Asclepias sp.)

30. Compound Inflorescences
Corymb: a flat-topped or somewhat rounded inflorescence in which the pedicels of varying length are inserted along the rachis

31. Compound Inflorescences
Panicle: a much-branched inflorescence with a central rachis which bears branches which are themselves branched

32. Fruits
Ripened or mature ovary
Contains seeds

33. Fruit Types Dry fruits Fleshy fruits Indehiscent Dehiscent True fruits
False fruits

34. Fruit Types Dry, Indehiscent
Achene
Sunflower (Helianthus sp.)

35. Fruit Types Dry, Indehiscent
Caryopsis (=grain)

36. Fruit Types Dry, Indehiscent
Samara
Maple (Acer sp.)

37. Fruit Types Dry, Indehiscent
Schizocarp

38. Fruit Types Dry, Dehiscent
Capsule
Mexican buckeye (Ungnadia speciosa)

39. Fruit Types Dry, Dehiscent
Silique

40. Fruit Types Dry, Dehiscent
Legume

41. Fruit Types Dry, Dehiscent
Loment

42. Fruit Types Dry, Dehiscent
Follicle

43. Fleshy Fruits True Fruits
Derived from a gynoecium of a single flower

44. Fleshy Fruits True Fruits
Drupe

45. Fleshy Fruits True Fruits
Berry

46. Fleshy Fruits True Fruits
Pepo
Stink gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima)

47. Fleshy Fruits True Fruits
Pome

48. Fleshy Fruits True Fruits
Hesperidium

49. Fleshy Fruits False Fruits
Fruit derived from parts other than the gynoecium

50. Fleshy Fruits False Fruits
Accessory: fruit from the receptacle

51. Fleshy Fruits False Fruits
Aggregate: fruit formed from many separate flowers
Magnolia (Magnolia sp.)

52. Fleshy Fruits False Fruits
Multiple: fruits formed by the fusion of an entire inflorescence

53. Fleshy Fruits False Fruits
Syconium: a hollow, vase-like inflorescence with the flowers lining the inside

54. BREAK