1. Flowers and Fruit

2. Flower Structure
Generalized flowers - 2 outer sets of sterile parts, 2 inner sets of fertile parts
Outer sterile part - sepals, collectively the calyx - may do photosynthesis, protect flower, usually like leaves in texture, protect bud - form outer covering of bud
Next sterile part - petals - not like leaves in texture, usually not green, collectively called corolla - petalloid - petal like in appearance
Both sepals and petals can be fused - so sepals joined together, petals joined together
Perianth - calyx and corolla together - used when the two cannot be distinguished - sometimes sepals and petals are called tepals for perianth if very similar in appearance – like in Tulips
If only one set of sterile parts, they are always called sepals; sometimes whole perianth is missing
First fertile parts - stamens - male – androecium - Can be sterile and modified to look like petals
Innermost fertile parts - pistils, female - gynoecium

3. Yellow rose – many “petals” are actually modified
sterile “petalloid” stamens

4. Carpels and Ovaries
Flowering plants always have enclosed ovary wrapped in a carpel - nonflowering plants don't - this is the vessel of the angiosperm
Carpel is highly modified leaf - a simple pistil is one ovary
Pistil may be made up of one carpel or several fused carpels
Often the bottom part called the ovary, with stigma at top to receive pollen, style connects them - fused carpels may have separate style and stigma or they may all be fused

5. Helleborus – five separate carpels

6. Malus – crab apple – typical flower structure

7. Plant Sexuality
Monoecious - separate flowers for male and female both on one plant - corn
Dioecious - male and female plants are separate - separate sexes - gingko
Perfect flower - flower has stamens and carpels – bisexual flowers
Imperfect flower - lacks either stamens or carpels - will be staminate or carpellate (pistillate)
Complete - has sepals, petals, stamens and carpels
Incomplete - lacking one of the 4 main flower parts

8. Complete and Incomplete Flowers

9. Jatropha – monoecious but insect pollinated
Female left, male right

10. Dioecious - Holly
Female flower Male flower Berries on female

11. Inflorescence terms
Often flowers, especially small flowers, are gathered into a structure known as an inflorescence – an aggregation of flowers on a single flowering branch
bract - more or less modified leaf that subtends flower or flower groups - bract can look like normal leaf
bract can also look like petal - petalous - dogwoods have big white "petals" that are really petaloid bracts
peduncle - stalk of cluster of flowers
pedicel - stalk of individual flower
petiole - leaf stalk

12. Dogwood with petalloid leafy bracts

13. Types of Inflorescence
1. indeterminant - youngest flower at apex - in theory could produce flowers forever - some may by fruiting while apex still flowering - include - racemes, panicle, spike, corymb, head, umbel, catkin
2. determinant - oldest flowers at apex - moving down younger flowers - cyme, scorpiod cyme

14. Raceme
Larkspur

15. Panicle
Panicum - switchgrass

16. Spike – prairie blazing star

17. Corymb

18. Umbel
Wild parsnip Queen Anne’s Lace

19. Sunflower –
Composite head
inflorescence

20. Catkin
Alder catkin

21. Scorpoid Cyme
Onosmodium

22. Skunk cabbage inflorescence – a spathe and spadix

24. Pollination syndromes
among the phloxes

25. Magnolia – beetle pollinated

26. Honeybee
covered with
pollen

27. Scotch broom – bee pollinated

28. Honeybee
pollinating
beebalm –
Monarda sp.

29. With visible light with UV light
Nectar guides for honeybees

30. Cyrtid fly
pollinating
a composite

31. Caralluma – carrion fly pollinated

32. Erysimum – butterfly pollinated

33. Episcia – moth pollinated

34. Hummingbird pollination

35. Ipomopsis aggregata – hummingbird pollinated

36. Greater double-collared sunbird

37. Proteus – pollinated by perching birds

38. Bat Pollination

39. Box elder – wind pollinated – female left, male right

40. Wild oats –
Whole plant

41. Wild oat flower – close up

45. Fruit Types A fruit may be defined as a matured ovary
There are two basic fruit types – dry or fleshy. These types arise from the development of the pericarp
The pericarp may become dry and these form dry fruits
The pericarp may also become soft, thick and fleshy – and these form fleshy fruits

48. Apples and Pears

50. Violet
flower
types