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flowering and non-flowering plants
Reproduction in flowering and non-flowering plants © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Questions to think about…
How do flowering plants reproduce? What are the parts of a flower? How do non-flowering plants reproduce? © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Reproduction in flowering plants
Flowering plants can reproduce from seeds. To reproduce, plants produce flowers which develop into fruits and seeds. For fruits and seeds to be produced, the flowers must be pollinated and fertilised. a tomato seed © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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This flower has both male and female parts.
Parts of a flower Male parts Female parts This flower has both male and female parts. © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Parts of a flower The male parts of the flower are the anther and filament. The anther contains pollen sacs which produce pollen grains. The female parts of the flower are the stigma, style, ovary and ovule. © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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male flower of the papaya plant
Parts of a flower Some plants like the papaya have the male and female parts in separate flowers. male flower of the papaya plant female flower of the papaya plant © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Pollination Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower. The pollen grains can be transferred within the same flower. stigma pollen grains from anther © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Pollination Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower. The pollen grains can also be transferred from one flower to another. © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Fertilisation pollen grains When a pollen grain lands on the surface of a stigma, it produces a tube. The inside of the tip of the tube contains the male cells of the flower. These tubes grow down the style to reach the ovules in the ovary. Inside each ovule is an egg cell. stigma pollen tubes style ovary ovule egg cell © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Fertilisation When a pollen tube reaches the ovule, the female egg cell and male cell combine. This process is called fertilisation. yellow pollen grains on a flower © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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From flower to fruit flower (after fertilisation) After fertilisation, most of the flower parts wither and drop off except for the ovary. The ovary then grows bigger until it becomes a fruit. Inside the ovary, the ovules begin to develop into seeds. petals wither ovary begins to swell seeds develop inside the fruit, fruit grows bigger petals drop off © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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From flower to fruit Sexual reproduction involves a male and a female.
The process of producing new plants from seeds involves both male and female cells. Thus, sexual reproduction takes place in plants. © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Dispersal of fruits and seeds
That’s right. Also, some fruits are scattered while the seeds remain inside them. The scattering of seeds or fruits is called dispersal. Well, if the seeds grow too closely together, overcrowding might occur. In order for seeds to grow at a suitable place, they must be scattered. I see! So if this happens, the young plants may not get enough water, minerals and sunlight to grow well. So what are the ways in which fruits and seeds are dispersed? Why is that so? © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Dispersal of fruits and seeds
Wind Fruits and seeds dispersed by wind are often dry and light. Some of them have wing-like structures. They are easily carried by wind. angsana lalang dandelion © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Dispersal of fruits and seeds
Animals Some fruits can be eaten by animals. Their seeds are thrown away or passed out in the animals’ droppings if swallowed. kiwi papaya watermelon © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Dispersal of fruits and seeds
Animals Other fruits and seeds attach themselves to animals’ bodies or our clothes by using hooks or stiff hairs. mimosa lovegrass © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Dispersal of fruits and seeds
Water Fruits dispersed by water usually float and are carried along rivers, streams or at sea. They often have waterproof coverings or fibrous husks to help them float in water. coconut mangrove lotus plant © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Dispersal of fruits and seeds
Splitting open forcefully Some fruits split open when ripe to shoot their seeds away. lady’s finger cotton rain tree © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Germination Parts of a seed seed leaf baby plant
© 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Germination disperse germinates Photo of tomato seedling, p. 48, P5A seed grows ripe fruit and seeds seedling leaves During this stage, the seedling cannot make its own food, but gets it energy from the food stored in its seed leaves. A seed starts to germinate when it lands on a place with enough warmth and water. Next, the shoot appears and the first leaves unfold. The young plant is now able to make its own food. First, the root of the baby plant grows out of the seed to form a seedling. shoot root baby plant young plant © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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The young plant develops into an adult plant.
Germination disperse germinates Photo of tomato seedling seed grows ripe fruit and seeds When the flower of an adult plant gets pollinated and fertilised, the cycle of reproduction repeats itself. pollination and fertilisation occurs seedling leaves The young plant develops into an adult plant. shoot develops into root young plant adult plant with flowers © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Non-flowering plants While flowering plants reproduce from seeds, non-flowering plants reproduce in other ways. Spores For example, ferns reproduce from spores, and do not produce seeds like flowering plants. ferns spore bag of a fern © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Asexual Reproduction Underground stems
The potato is an example of an underground stem. It can be identified as a stem because of the buds and leaf scars. The buds can grow into new plants when the potato in buried in soil. shoot bud A potato To grow a potato plant from a cut piece of potato, each piece must contain at least one bud. © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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buds growing into new shoots
Asexual Reproduction Underground stems More examples: ginger scale leaf bud root buds growing into new shoots underground stem onion shoot fleshy leaf bud stem root bud scale leaf water chestnut © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Asexual Reproduction Suckers
Plants like banana and pineapple reproduce by developing upright shoots called suckers. These shoots develop from a certain part of the stem. sucker of a banana plant on the ground pineapple plant sucker heliconia plant sealing wax palm sucker of a sealing wax palm sucker of a heliconia plant © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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Asexual Reproduction The leaves of plants like the bryophyllum, begonia, and African violet can produce new plants. Such leaves are often thick and fleshy. leaf of new plant root of new plant bryophyllum leaf bryophyllum plant © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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The end © 2009 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
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