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Red Clover Signs of poisoning: Excessive salivation Bloating Diarrhea
Blindness Abortion Laminitis Description: purplish red clover head, hairy stem, 3 leaved segments, pale ring on leaves Poisonous parts: all Found: all over US, in fields
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Jimsonweed Description: can grow up to 5’ tall, large toothed leaves, white to light violet trumpet shaped flowers, 2” spiny seed pods Poisonous Parts: flowers, leaves, seeds Found: All over US, common in fields Horses will only eat if other food is not available Scientific Name: Datura spp. Other Names: Devils Trumpet, Angels Trumpet
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Jimsonweed Many black seeds inside spiny seed pod
Flowers smell sweet, but otherwise plant has bad odor Many black seeds inside spiny seed pod
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Jimsonweed Signs of Poisoning: Excitement, then sudden depression
Colic Diarrhea Low temp Extreme thirst Dilated pupils Convulsions Coma Paralysis Respiratory paralysis results in death
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Poison Hemlock Description: grows up to 10’ tall, green stem with purple spots, lacy triangiular leaves, musky odor, small white flowers clustered with a flat top Poisonous Parts: all Found: all over US, field edges and roadsides Horses can find texture palatable Scientific Name: Conium maculatum
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Poison Hemlock Signs of Poisoning: Bloating Cold extremities
Poison Hemlock Signs of Poisoning: Bloating Cold extremities Dilated pupils Weak heart beat Trembling Paralysis Coma Respiratory paralysis results in death
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Yellow Star Thistle Poisoning usually occurs in fall when horses may acquire a taste for the plant and seek it out Scientific Name: Centaurea solstitialis Description: grows up to 2’ tall, bright yellow flowers with a spiny base, leaves covered in cottony hair Poisonous parts: all Found: NOT in MI, found in southern & western US, in fields, pastures, & roadsides
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Yellow Star Thistle Signs of Poisoning: “Chewing Disease”
Involuntary chewing Lip twitching Swelling around the mouth Facial muscle paralysis Unable to chew or close mouth Death eventually occurs from starvation and dehydration
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Foxglove Scientific Name: Digitalis purpurea
Foxglove Scientific Name: Digitalis purpurea Description: purple, pink, red or white tubular flowers with dark spots, flowers open downward, leaves are alternate, hairy and slightly toothed Poisonous Parts: flowers, leaves, seeds Found: all over US, often in flower gardens
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Foxglove Signs of poisoning: Colic Bloody feces Poor appetite Pain
Frequent urination Irregular heartbeat Possible convulsions prior to death One bite is fatal
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Poinsettia Scientific Name: Euphorbia pulcherrima
Description: upper leaves turn red, pink or white in late fall, Poisonous parts: leaves, stems and sap Found: all over US as a holiday ornamental plant, native to Mexico
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Poinsetta Poinsettas have low toxicity Signs of poisoning: Skin
Signs of poisoning: Skin Redness and swelling Blistering Gastrointestinal Stomach pain Diarrhea
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Oak Tree Poisonous Parts: acorns, young leaves Found: all over US
Signs of poisoning: Bloody diarrhea Abdominal pain Kidney & liver damage Frequent urination Thirst Anorexia Signs of toxicity occur when large amount are ingested Symptoms may last 3-10 days Death occurs with 85% of horses showing signs
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Oleander Description: Woody evergreen bush, grows up to 30’ tall
Description: Woody evergreen bush, grows up to 30’ tall Leaves leathery & pointed leaves grow opposite each other in groups of 3 arranged in whorls Flowers grow in clusters at the ends of branches white, pink, purplish, red
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Oleander Takes only 1 ounce of leaves to kill a horse
Takes only 1 ounce of leaves to kill a horse
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Oleander Signs of Poisoning: Diarrhea Trembling Cold extremities
Scientific Name: Nerium oleander Poisonous Parts: all (do NOT burn—smoke is also toxic) Found: NOT in MI, found in southern US & on the west coast Oleander Signs of Poisoning: Diarrhea Trembling Cold extremities Paralysis Coma Cardiac arrest followed by death
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Rhododendron Description:
Great Laurel is an evergreen tree that grows up to 35’ tall, it has 4-10” oblong alternating leaves, mixed pink and white or various single colored flowers are arranged in clusters White-flowered rhododendron is a 3-6’ shrub with smaller leaves and flowers than the Great Laurel Other Names: Great Laurel, White-flowered Rhododendron Poisonous parts: all
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Rhododendron Found: in wet wooded areas in eastern US, only white-flowered rhododendron is seen in mountainous areas of US
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Rhododendron Signs of poisoning: Kidney or liver damage
Repeated swallowing Salivation Depression Bloating Colic signs Weakness Coma Death
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Rhubarb Signs of Poisoning: Weakness, Difficulty breathing
Abdominal pain Diarrhea Convulsions Coma Death from cardiovascular collapse Poisonous Parts: leaves
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Horsetail Description: grows up to 3’ tall, segmented hollow stem has many whorls of thin grass-like leaves, Poisonous parts: Found: worldwide Toxicity higher in green plants Scientific Name: Equisetum arvense
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Horsetail Signs of Poisoning: Trembling Muscular rigidity Diarrhea
**Horses must consume plant over a 2 week period—sometimes plant is in hay Signs of Poisoning: Trembling Muscular rigidity Diarrhea Rapid pulse Cold extremities Coma and death if feed source is not removed
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Bracken Fern Scientific Name: Pteridium aquilinium
Description: dark stem, segments of leaves in triangular shape, leaves are firm & leathery Poisonous Parts: all Found: worldwide in most forested areas Horses rarely eat this plant unless no other food is available Scientific Name: Pteridium aquilinium
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Bracken Fern Signs of poisoning: Loss of coordination Depression
Blindness Stand in braced position with legs apart Death may occur if horse not removed from source of plant Horses must eat plant for a month to see toxicity signs
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Pokeweed Description: grows up to 6-9’ tall, red purplish woody stalk, 5-10” alternating leaves, shiny purple to black berries mature July-Sept Poisonous Parts: all Found: in eastern 2/3 of US Scientific Name: Phytolacca americana
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Pokeweed Signs of Poisoning: Salivation Colic Muscular weakness
Diarrhea (often bloody) Respiratory failure, anemia & gastritis are severe symptoms Moderate quantities of the plant must be consumed to show signs
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Black Nightshade Scientific Name: Solanum spp.
Description: maximum of 3’ tall, pointed oval leaves that are purplish on underside, white to light purple star shaped flowers, bloom year round, small shiny black berries Poisonous Parts: leaves, immature fruit Found: all over US, common along fence rows
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Black Nightshade Signs of poisoning:
Signs of neurological & gastrointestinal disorders Tiredness Muscle twitching Bloating Congestion in the lungs, heart & spleen
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Choke Cherry Scientific Name: Prunus spp.
Other Names: Wild Cherries, Black Cherry, Bitter Cherry, Choke Cherry, Pin Cherry Description: tree grows up to 30’ tall, bark is reddish brown, simple alternating oblong leaves, bloom white or pink cones of flowers April to July, red to black cherries ripen July to Sept.
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Choke Cherry Poisonous Parts: seeds & leaves Found: all over US
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Choke Cherry Signs of poisoning: Bright red mucus membranes Slobbering
Increased respiration Weak pulse Convulsions Rapid Death
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Red Maple Poisonous parts: wilted or dried leaves, bark
Found: eastern half of US Signs of poisoning: Severe anemia Weakness Depression Pale mucus membranes Dark brown urine Abortion Death due to RBC unable to transport oxygen to tissues
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Milk Weed Poisonous Parts: all Found: all over US, in fields
Description: grows to 3’ tall, thick green stem and leaves, oblong leaves, teardrop shaped seed pods filled with silky white hairs, small light pink flowers in clusters
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Milkweed Labored Breathing may occur before death Signs of poisoning:
Bloating Staggering Rapid pulse Gastroenteritis Depression Weakness High Temp Seizures
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Ornamental Yew Description: evergreen shrub, short spiny needles, reddish brown bark, bright red berries in fall Poisonous Parts: leaves, seeds, twigs Found: all over US, often used as ornamental shrub Scientific Name: Taxus cuspidata Other Names: Ground Hemlock
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Ornamental Yew Signs of poisoning: Nervousness Confusion Diarrhea
Heart will slow and circulation fails Death is the usual outcome One bite is deadly Horse might collapse right next to plant after eating it
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Black Walnut Tree Horses are affected when shavings from the tree are used as bedding Allergic reaction to standing or laying in bedding Swelling of the legs Laminitis Description: compound leaves arranged opposite of each other, tennis ball size green fruits, dark grayish black bark Poisonous parts: bark Found: eastern & Midwestern US
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Black Walnut Tree
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Ragworts OR Groundsel Poisonous Parts: leaves
Found: NOT in MI, found in dry areas of US
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Vetch Common Name: Common Vetch, Hairy Vetch, Narrow leaved Vetch, Purple Vetch and Broad Beans Poisonous Parts: seeds
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