1. Roosevelt and Taft: Using the Monroe Doctrine

2. Historic Roots of American Expansion
Monroe Doctrine
Early 1820’s—President Monroe warns every country in Europe to STAY OUT OF LATIN AMERICA
Europe basically ignored this
Manifest Destiny
American belief that America can and should expand its borders to include the whole North American continent
Belief that American ideals of Christian Democracy are superior to the governments and cultures of other nations

3. Historic Roots of American Expansion
Alfred T. Mahan—argued that the Navy would be the most important branch of the military in the future…
Suggested building a canal in Latin America so the American Navy could operate in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans equally
Suggested acquiring islands in the pacific for refueling stations in case we were to go to war against
Suggested modernizing and enlarging the American Navy

4. Big Stick Diplomacy
“There is a homely adage which runs, "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far." If the American nation will speak softly and yet build and keep at a pitch of the highest training a thoroughly efficient navy, the Monroe Doctrine will go far.”
Theodore Roosevelt, 1901

5. US Intervention in Latin America
Between the end of the Spanish-American War and the dawn of the Great Depression, the United States sent troops to Latin American countries thirty-two times.
It used the Roosevelt Corollary, or addition, to the Monroe Doctrine to justify intervention.
In the corollary, Teddy Roosevelt proclaimed that the United States, because it was a "civilized nation," had the right to stop "chronic wrongdoing" throughout the Western Hemisphere.

6. "Any country whose people conduct themselves well can count upon our hearty friendship. Chronic wrongdoing, however, may force the United States to exercise an international police power." ---Teddy Roosevelt
Teddy didn't hesitate to use this "police power" to strengthen his country, but he was aware of the danger in upsetting the balance of world power.

7. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
William Howard Taft, former governor of the Philippines, followed Roosevelt into the White House.
Taft believed in economic expansion, and he introduced a policy called "dollar diplomacy."
This policy used diplomacy to advance and protect American businesses in other countries.
Taft employed Roosevelt's corollary in Nicaragua and other Latin American countries to protect American investments.
Interesting precedent of the US Government working with bankers to loan money to Latin American countries and using the military to guarantee those loans

8. American Business in Latin America
American businesses had been active in Nicaragua since the 1850s. The lush country attracted American fruit growers and mining companies.
Others believed that Nicaragua offered the best site for a canal, and they invested in land.
Advertisement by the United Fruit Company

9. Trying to build a Canal
Nicaraguans confidently expected the canal, and they gladly accepted loans and payments based on its eventual construction.
By 1909 the United States-Nicaraguan Concession was largest American company in Nicaragua.
When Nicaragua's ruler threatened this company, they organized a revolution against him.
Adolfo Diaz, a Concession employee, became the new president. Taft quickly recognized the Diaz government
When still another revolt threatened Diaz, Taft invoked the corollary and ordered American marines to suppress the rebellion.

10. Canal Continued
Taft worked out a plan to collect the money that Nicaragua owed to foreign investors.
American banks took control of Nicaragua's customs collection.
Applied the money they collected directly to the country's debt.
The marines remained in Nicaragua's capital to serve as "international police" and prevent any further revolts. Except for a short period in 1925, they stayed for 21 years.

11. Choosing Panama
IS AMERICA REALLY IMPERIALIST??
No other Imperialist nation hands over control of acquired territory back to its people
No other Imperialist Nation pays such large sums of money to the people it “imperializes”
The whole world benefited from construction of this canal
Instability of Nicaragua caused the government to look elsewhere
Panama was a province of Columbia that was very promising (Narrow isthmus)
The American government lent aide to Panamanian rebels to revolt against the Columbian Government
Once independent, Panama sold the rights to build the canal to the US for 10 Million dollars and an annual rent of $250,000
America then paid Columbia 25 million dollars in 1921 for its lost territory.

13. 1890-1910 was a turning point in American History
Much more involved in world affairs
America had flexed its muscles in Latin America and in the Pacific
But the ease with which America gained its new possessions obscured the responsibilities that came with them.
Dollar diplomacy would soon drag a reluctant America into the muddy trenches of the Western Front.
The "Open Door" welcomed a series of squabbles that later erupted in a mushroom cloud.
But few in that innocent era could foresee such extraordinary events. Most believed that America was simply following its natural order, its destiny