1. Reconstruction of the ligated external carotid artery for embolization of cervicofacial arteriovenous malformations 
Thomas S. Riles, MD, Alejandro Berenstein, MD, Frederick S. Fisher, MD, Mark S. Persky, MD, Mary Madrid, MA 
Journal of Vascular Surgery 
Volume 17, Issue 3, Pages (March 1993)
DOI: / (93)90149-G
Copyright © 1993 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Digital angiogram from case 1. Arrows indicate site of ECA ligation. On left, early phase showing common and internal carotid artery; on right, collaterals filling ECA, which, in turn, fills AVM.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( / (93)90149-G)
Copyright © 1993 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
A, Photograph of patient in case 1 showing AVM of lower face and neck with edema shortly after reconstruction of ECA. B, Same patient 2 years later after embolization therapy and partial resection of AVM.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( / (93)90149-G)
Copyright © 1993 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Patient in case 2 before reconstruction of ECA and embolization of AVM.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( / (93)90149-G)
Copyright © 1993 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
Selective angiograms from case 2. Arrows show point of ligation of ECA. Top, early phase showing common and internal carotid artery. Bottom, filling of external carotid artery and AVM via collaterals from vertebral artery.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( / (93)90149-G)
Copyright © 1993 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 5
Reconstructed ECA in case 2. Arrows saphenous vein interposition graft.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( / (93)90149-G)
Copyright © 1993 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

7. Fig. 6
Photograph of patient in case 3 before reconstruction of left ECA and embolization therapy.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( / (93)90149-G)
Copyright © 1993 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

8. Fig. 7
Diagram showing preferred method of ECA reconstruction for eventual catheter embolization therapy. A, Ligated and severed ECA; B, reconstructed ECA with interposition graft.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( / (93)90149-G)
Copyright © 1993 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions